et al., ‘Information Evolution in Social Networks’, Proceedings of the Ninth ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining (WSDM’16), 2016.
394
Cheng J. et al., ‘Do Diffusion Protocols Govern Cascade Growth?’, AAAI Publications, 2018.
395
О первых проектах BuzzFeed: Rice A., ‘Does BuzzFeed Know the Secret?’, New York Magazine, 7 April 2013.
396
Watts D.J. et al., ‘Viral Marketing for the Real World’, Harvard Business Review, 2007.
397
Guardian Datablog, ‘Who are the most social publishers on the web?’, The Guardian Online, 3 October 2013.
398
Salmon F., ‘BuzzFeed’s Jonah Peretti Goes Long’, Fusion, 11 June 2014.
399
Martin T. et al., ‘Exploring Limits to Prediction in Complex Social Systems’, Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on World Wide Web, 2016.
400
Shulman B. et al., ‘Predictability of Popularity: Gaps between Prediction and Understanding’, International Conference on Web and Social Media, 2016.
401
Cheng J. et al., ‘Can cascades be predicted?’, Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on World Wide Web, 2014.
402
Yucesoy B. et al., ‘Success in books: a big data approach to bestsellers’, EPJ Data Science, 2018.
403
McMahon V., ‘#Neknominate girl’s shame: I’m sorry for drinking a goldfish’, Irish Mirror, 5 February 2014.
404
Многие видео Neknomination можно посмотреть на YouTube; Fricker M., ‘RSPCA hunt yob who downed NekNomination cocktail containing cider, eggs, battery fluid, urine and THREE goldfish’, Mirror, 5 February 2014.
405
Пример освещения в прессе: Fishwick C., ‘NekNominate: should Facebook ban the controversial drinking game?’, The Guardian, 11 February 2014; ‘“Neknomination”: Facebook ignores calls for ban after two deaths’, Evening Standard, 3 February 2014.
406
More or Less: ‘Neknomination Outbreak’, BBC World Service Online, 22 February 2014.
407
Kucharski A.J., ‘Modelling the transmission dynamics of online social contagion’, arXiv, 2016.
408
Исследователи из Университета Уорвика выявили такой же уровень предсказуемости. Основываясь на динамике игры Neknomination, они точно предсказали четырехнедельную продолжительность Ice Bucket Challenge после появления этой игры несколько месяцев спустя. Sprague D.A. and House T., ‘Evidence for complex contagion models of social contagion from observational data’, PLOS ONE, 2017.
409
Cheng J. et al., ‘Do Cascades Recur?’, Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on World Wide Web, 2016.
410
Crane R. and Sornette D., ‘Robust dynamic classes revealed by measuring the response function of a social system’, PNAS, 2008.
411
Tan C. et al., ‘Lost in Propagation? Unfolding News Cycles from the Source’, Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence, 2016; Tatar A. et al., ‘A survey on predicting the popularity of web content’, Journal of Internet Services and Applications, 2014.
412
Vosoughi S. et al., ‘The spread of true and false news online’, Science, 2018.
413
Примеры из: Romero D.M., ‘Differences in the Mechanics of Information Diffusion Across Topics: Idioms, Political Hashtags, and Complex Contagion on Twitter’, Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on World Wide Web, 2011; State B. and Adamic L.A., ‘The Diffusion of Support in an Online Social Movement: Evidence from the Adoption of Equal-Sign Profile Pictures’, Proceedings of the 18th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing, 2015; Guilbeault D. et al., ‘Complex Contagions: A Decade in Review’, in Lehmann S. and Ahn Y. (eds.), Spreading Dynamics in Social Systems (Springer Nature, 2018).
414
Weng L. et al., ‘Virality Prediction and Community Structure in Social Networks’, Scientific Reports, 2013.
415
Centola D., How Behavior Spreads: The Science of Complex Contagions (Princeton University Press, 2018).
416
Anderson C., ‘The End of Theory: The Data Deluge Makes the Scientific Method Obsolete’, Wired, 23 June 2008.
417
‘Big Data, for better or worse: 90 per cent of world’s data generated over last two years’, Science Daily, 22 May 2013.
418
Фразу приписывают Гудхарту в такой формулировке. В оригинале она звучала так: «Любая наблюдаемая статистическая закономерность начинает рушиться, когда на нее оказывается давление с целью контроля». Goodhart C., ‘Problems of Monetary Management: The U.K. Experience’, in Courakis, A.S. (ed.), Inflation, Depression, and Economic Policy in the West (Springer 1981).
419
Small J.P., Wax Tablets of the Mind: Cognitive Studies of Memory and Literacy in Classical Antiquity (Routledge, 1997).
420
Lewis K. et al., ‘The Structure of Online Activism’, Sociological Science, 2014.
421
Gabielkov M. et al., ‘Social Clicks: What and Who Gets Read on Twitter?’, ACM SIGMETRICS, 2016.
422
Цитаты из интервью автора с Дином Эклзом, август 2017 года.
423
Эту фразу приписывают ему, но первоисточник неизвестен.
424
Один из самых распространенных примеров отслеживания – Facebook Pixel. Источник: ‘Conversion Tracking’, Facebook for Developers, 2019. https://developers.facebook.com/docs/facebook-pixel.
425
Временные интервалы взяты из Lederer B., ‘200 Milliseconds: The Life of a Programmatic RTB Ad Impression’, Shelly Palmer, 9 June 2014.
426
Nsubuga J., ‘Conservative MP Gavin Barwell in “date Arab girls” Twitter gaffe’, Metro, 18 March 2013.
427
Albright J., ‘Who Hacked the Election? Ad Tech did. Through “Fake News,” Identify Resolution and Hyper-Personalization’, Medium, 30
