dispute between Bernoulli and d’Alembert and the calculus of probabilities’, Lettera Matematica International, 2015.
362
О безопасности MMR и вакцины против кори существует обширная литература, например: Smeeth L. et al., ‘MMR vaccination and pervasive developmental disorders: a case-control study’, The Lancet, 2004; A. Hviid, J.V. Hansen, M. Frisch, et al., ‘Measles, Mumps, Rubella Vaccination and Autism: A Nationwide Cohort Study’, Annals of Internal Medicine, 2019; LeBaron C.W. et al., ‘Persistence of Measles Antibodies After 2 Doses of Measles Vaccine in a Postelimination Environment’, JAMA Pediatrics, 2007.
363
Wellcome Global Monitor 2018, 19 June 2019.
364
Finnegan G., ‘Rise in vaccine hesitancy related to pursuit of purity’, Horizon Magazine, 26 April 2018.
365
Funk S. et al., ‘Combining serological and contact data to derive target immunity levels for achieving and maintaining measles elimination’, BioRxiv, 2019.
366
Measles: Europe sees record number of cases and 37 deaths so far this year’, British Medical Journal, 2018.
367
Bakshy E. et al., ‘Exposure to ideologically diverse news and opinion on Facebook’, Science, 2015; Tufekci Z., ‘How Facebook’s Algorithm Suppresses Content Diversity (Modestly) and How the Newsfeed Rules Your Clicks’, Medium, 7 May 2015.
368
Flaxman S. et al., ‘Filter bubbles, echo chambers and online news consumption’, Public Opinion Quarterly, 2016.
369
Bail C.A. et al., ‘Exposure to opposing views on social media can increase political polarization’, PNAS, 2018.
370
Duggan M. and Smith A., ‘The Political Environment on Social Media’, Pew Research Center, 2016.
371
boyd d.m., ‘Taken Out of Context: American Teen Sociality in Networked Publics’, University of California, Berkeley PhD Dissertation, 2008.
372
Один из первых примеров: ‘Dead pet UL?’ Опубликовано на alt.folklore.urban, 10 июля 1992 года.
373
Письмо к Этьену Ноэлю Дамилавилю, 16 мая 1767 года.
374
Suler J., ‘The Online Disinhibition Effect’, Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 2004.
375
Cheng J. et al., ‘Antisocial Behavior in Online Discussion Communities’, Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence, 2015; Cheng J. et al., ‘Anyone Can Become a Troll: Causes of Trolling Behavior in Online Discussions’, Computer-Supported Cooperative Work, 2017.
376
Исследование Facebook: Kramer A.D.I. et al., ‘Experimental evidence of massive-scale emotional contagion through social networks’, PNAS, 2014; D’Onfro J., ‘Facebook Researcher Responds To Backlash Against “Creepy” Mood Manipulation Study’, Insider, 29 June 2014.
377
Griffin A., ‘Facebook manipulated users’ moods in secret experiment’, The Independent, 29 June 2014; Arthur C., ‘Facebook emotion study breached ethical guidelines, researchers say’, The Guardian, 30 June 2014.
378
Примеры: Raine R. et al., ‘A national cluster-randomised controlled trial to examine the effect of enhanced reminders on the socioeconomic gradient in uptake in bowel cancer screening’, British Journal of Cancer, 2016; Kitchener H.C. et al., ‘A cluster randomised trial of strategies to increase cervical screening uptake at first invitation (STRATEGIC)’, Health Technology Assessment, 2016. Необходимо отметить, что, несмотря на широкое применение, рандомизированные эксперименты (их еще называют A/B-тестами) у многих людей вызывают дискомфорт – даже если все опции безопасны, а исследование не нарушает этических норм. Проведенное в 2019 году исследование показало, что «люди часто считают A/B-тесты, нацеленные на сравнение эффективности двух методик или лекарств, неприемлемыми, даже когда они одобряют повсеместное применение А или В без тестирования». Источник: Source: Meyer M.N. et al., ‘Objecting to experiments that compare two unobjectionable policies or treatments’, PNAS, 2019.
379
Berger J. and Milkman K.L., ‘What Makes online Content Viral?’, Journal of Marketing Research, 2011.
380
Heath C. et al., ‘Emotional selection in memes: the case of urban legends’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2001.
381
Tufekci Z., ‘YouTube, the Great Radicalizer’, New York Times, 10 March 2018.
382
Baquero F. et al., ‘Ecology and evolution of antibiotic resistance’, Environmental Microbiology Reports, 2009.
383
De Domenico M. et al., ‘The Anatomy of a Scientific Rumor’, Scientific Reports, 2013.
384
Goel S. et al., ‘The Structural Virality of Online Diffusion’, Management Science, 2016.
385
Goel S. et al., ‘The Structure of Online Diffusion Networks’, EC’12 Proceedings of the 13th ACM Conference on Electronic Commerce, 2012; Tatar A. et al., ‘A survey on predicting the popularity of web content’, Journal of Internet Services and Applications, 2014.
386
Watts D.J. et al., ‘Viral Marketing for the Real World’, Harvard Business Review, 2007.
387
Метод: Blumberg S. and Lloyd-Smith J.O., PLOS Computational Biology, 2013. Формула справедлива даже при возможности событий супрерраспространения.
388
Chowell G. et al., ‘Transmission potential of influenza A/H7N9, February to May 2013, China’, BMC Medicine, 2013.
389
Watts D.J. et al., ‘Viral Marketing for the Real World’, Harvard Business Review, 2007. Следует отметить, что технические проблемы с кампанией по электронной почте могли в некоторой степени искусственно уменьшить репродуктивное число для Tide.
390
Breban R. et al., ‘Interhuman transmissibility of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: estimation of pandemic risk’, The Lancet, 2013.
391
Geoghegan J.L. et al., ‘Virological factors that increase the transmissibility of emerging human viruses’, PNAS, 2016.
392
García-Sastre A., ‘Influenza Virus Receptor Specificity’, American Journal of Pathology, 2010.
393
Adamic L.A.
