обстоит иначе. Этот вывод подтверждается целым рядом доказательств: во-первых, мужчины, у которых эстроген не образуется, полностью маскулинизированы (они демонстрируют типично мужское поведение, интересы и сексуальные предпочтения); во-вторых, люди с СПНкА (имеющие половые хромосомы XY и чувствительные к эстрогену, но не к андрогенам) являются типичными женщинами.
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Гормоны, которые способствуют построению крупных молекул из тех, что меньше, называются анаболическими, а те, благодаря которым происходит расщепление крупных молекул на более мелкие, называются катаболическими.
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402
Teresa L. D. Hardy, Jana M. Rieger, Kristopher Wells, and Carol A. Boliek, "Acoustic Predictors of Gender Attribution, Masculinity–Femininity, and Vocal Naturalness Ratings Amongst Transgender and Cisgender Speakers," Journal of Voice 34, no. 2 (2020): 300; Teresa L. D. Hardy, Carol A. Boliek, Daniel Aalto, Justin Lewicke, Kristopher Wells, and Jana M. Rieger, "Contributions of Voice and Nonverbal Communication to Perceived Masculinity-Femininity for Cisgender and Transgender Communicators," Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 63, no. 4 (2020): 931–47; Adrienne B. Hancock, Julianne Krissinger, and Kelly Owen, "Voice Perceptions and Quality of Life of Transgender People," Journal of Voice 25, no. 5 (2011): 553–58.
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David Azul, Ulrika Nygren, Maria Södersten, and Christiane Neuschaefer-Rube, "Transmasculine People's Voice Function: A Review of the Currently Available Evidence," Journal of Voice 31, no. 2 (2017): 261.
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Scott-Robert Newman, John Butler, Elizabeth H. Hammond, and Steven D. Gray, "Preliminary Report on Hormone Receptors in the Human Vocal Fold," Journal of Voice 14, no. 1 (2000): 72–81. О развитии голосового тракта в подростковом возрасте см. в: Diana Markova, Louis Richer, Melissa Pangelinan, Deborah H. Schwartz, Gabriel Leonard, Michel Perron, G. Bruce Pike et al., "Age-and Sex-Related Variations in Vocal-Tract Morphology and Voice Acoustics During Adolescence," Hormones and Behavior 81 (2016): 84–96.
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W. T. Fitch and J. Giedd, "Morphology and Development of the Human Vocal Tract: A Study Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging," Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 106, no. 3 pt. 1 (1999): 1511–22. Благородный олень – один из немногих видов млекопитающих, у которых также есть опущенная гортань, которая, по-видимому, эволюционировала, чтобы устрашать соперников в ходе брачных состязаний. W. T. Fitch and D. Reby, "The Descended Larynx Is Not Uniquely Human," Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 268, no. 1477 (2001): 1669–75.
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Bridget Alex, "Why Humans Lost Their Hair and Became Naked and Sweaty," Discover, January 7, 2019, https://www.discovermagazine.com/planet-earth/why-humans-lost-their-hair-and-became-naked-and-sweaty.
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Какое влияние оказывает прекращение полового созревания на эмоциональное развитие, остается неизвестным. Christopher Richards, Julie Maxwell, and Noel McCune, "Use of Puberty
