"Supporting Sexuality and Improving Sexual Function in Transgender Persons," Nature Reviews Urology 16, no. 2 (2019): 121–39.
376
Peter B. Gray, Timothy S. McHale, and Justin M. Carré, "A Review of Human Male Field Studies of Hormones and Behavioral Reproductive Effort," Hormones and Behavior 91 (2017): 52–67.
377
Anne E. Storey, Carolyn J. Walsh, Roma L. Quinton, and Katherine E. Wynne-Edwards, "Hormonal Correlates of Paternal Responsiveness in New and Expectant Fathers," Evolution and Human Behavior 21, no. 2 (2000): 79–95; Peter B. Gray, J. C. Parkin, and M. E. Samms-Vaughan, "Hormonal Correlates of Human Paternal Interactions: A Hospital-Based Investigation in Urban Jamaica," Hormones and Behavior 52, no. 4 (2007): 499–507; Lee T. Gettler, Patty X. Kuo, and Sonny Agustin Bechayda, "Fatherhood and Psychobiology in the Philippines: Perspectives on Joint Profiles and Longitudinal Changes of Fathers' Estradiol and Testosterone," American Journal of Human Biology 30, no. 6 (2018): e23150.
378
Всесторонний анализ нейроэндокринных коррелятов реакции на отцовство у мужчин, включая потенциальное участие окситоцина, вазопрессина, кортизола и тестостерона, см. в: Sari M. van Anders, Richard M. Tolman, and Gayatri Jainagaraj, "Examining How Infant Interactions Influence Men's Hormones, Affect, and Aggression Using the Michigan Infant Nurturance Simulation Paradigm," Fathering 12, no. 2 (2014): 143.
379
Martin N. Muller, Frank W. Marlowe, Revocatus Bugumba, and Peter T. Ellison, "Testosterone and Paternal Care in East African Foragers and Pastoralists," Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276, no. 1655 (2009): 347–54.
380
Peter B. Gray, Chi-Fu Jeffrey Yang, and Harrison G. Pope Jr., "Fathers Have Lower Salivary Testosterone Levels Than Unmarried Men and Married Non-Fathers in Beijing, China," Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 273, no. 1584 (2006): 333–39.
Снижение уровня T наблюдается у молодых отцов на Филиппинах, особенно у тех, кто осуществляет непосредственный уход за детьми: Lee T. Gettler, Thomas W. McDade, Alan B. Feranil, and Christopher W. Kuzawa, "Longitudinal Evidence That Fatherhood Decreases Testosterone in Human Males," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108, no. 39 (2011): 16194–99. Gray, McHale, and Carré, "A Review of Human Male Field Studies of Hormones and Behavioral Reproductive Effort."
Эта взаимосвязь между отцовством и уровнем Т у мужчин наблюдается не всегда: Peter B. Gray, Jody Reece, Charlene Coore-Desai et al., "Testosterone and Jamaican Fathers," Human Nature 28, no. 2 (2017): 201–18.
381
Van Anders, Tolman, and Jainagaraj, "Examining How Infant Interactions Influence Men's Hormones, Affect, and Aggression."
382
Все эстрогены синтезируются из андрогенов, но сам по себе T как предшественник эстрогена не оказывает прямого воздействия. Для этого он должен действовать через андрогенный рецептор, изменяя клеточную активность.
383
Maurand Cappelletti and Kim Wallen, "Increasing Women's Sexual Desire: The Comparative Effectiveness of Estrogens and Androgens," Hormones and Behavior 78 (2016): 178–93; Beverly G. Reed, Laurice Bou Nemer, and Bruce R. Carr, "Has Testosterone Passed the Test in Premenopausal Women with Low Libido? A Systematic Review," International Journal of Women's Health 8 (2016): 599.
384
Ann Kathryn Korkidakis and Robert L. Reid, "Testosterone in Women: Measurement and Therapeutic Use," Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada 39, no. 3 (2017): 124–30; Laurence M. Demers, "Androgen Deficiency in Women; Role of Accurate Testosterone Measurements," Maturitas 67, no. 1 (2010): 39–45.
385
Edward O. Laumann, Alfredo Nicolosi, Dale B. Glasser, Anthony Paik, Clive Gingell, E. Moreira, and Tianfu Wang, "Sexual Problems Among Women and Men Aged 40–80 Y: Prevalence and Correlates Identified in the Global Study of Sexual Attitudes and Behaviors," International Journal of Impotence Research 17, no. 1 (2005): 39–57. О распространенности низкого либидо у женщин в США: Reed, Nemer, and Carr, "Has Testosterone Passed the Test in Premenopausal Women with Low Libido?" О преобладании гипоактивного сексуального желания (низкого сексуального желания, сопровождающегося угнетенностью) см. в: Shalender Bhasin and Rosemary Basson, "Sexual Dysfunction in Men and Women," in Williams Textbook of Endocrinology, 787 (Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders, 2011).
386
Raymond C. Rosen, Jan L. Shifren, Brigitta U. Monz, Dawn M. Odom, Patricia A. Russo, and Catherine B. Johannes, "Epidemiology: Correlates of Sexually Related Personal Distress in Women with Low Sexual Desire," The Journal of Sexual Medicine 6, no. 6 (June 2009): 1549–60.
387
Sheryl A. Kingsberg and Terri Woodard, "Female Sexual Dysfunction: Focus on Low Desire," Obstetrics and Gynecology 125, no. 2 (2015): 477–86; Cappelletti and Wallen, "Increasing Women's Sexual Desire."
388
Richard G. Bribiescas, How Men Age: What Evolution Reveals About Male Health and Mortality (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2018), 122.
389
Cappelletti and Wallen, "Increasing Women's Sexual Desire."
390
Исследователи постменопаузы расходятся во мнениях относительно того, продолжают ли яичники вырабатывать гормоны, особенно андрогены, в значимом количестве (небольшие количества андрогенов по-прежнему вырабатываются надпочечниками). Mario Vicente Giordano, Paula Almeida Galvão Ferreira, Luiz Augusto Giordano, Sandra Maria Garcia de Almeida, Vinícius Cestari do Amaral, Tommaso Simoncini, Edmund Chada Baracat, Mario Gáspare Giordano, and José Maria Soares Júnior, "How Long Is the Ovary Relevant for Synthesis of Steroids After Menopause?,"Gynecological Endocrinology 34, no. 6 (2018): 536–39; Fernand Labrie, "All Sex Steroids Are Made Intracellularly in Peripheral Tissues by the Mechanisms of Intracrinology After Menopause," The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 145 (2015): 133–38.
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Об уровне стероидов в постменопаузе см. в: Robin Haring, Anke Hannemann, Ulrich John et al., "Age-Specific Reference Ranges for Serum Testosterone and Androstenedione Concentrations in Women Measured by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry," The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 97, no. 2 (2012): 408–15.
392
Kingsberg and Woodard, "Female Sexual Dysfunction: Focus on Low Desire"; Cappelletti and Wallen, "Increasing Women's Sexual Desire."
393
Amy B. Wisniewski, Claude J. Migeon, Heino F. L. Meyer-Bahlburg et al., "Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome: Long-Term Medical, Surgical, and Psychosexual Outcome," The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 85, no. 8 (2000): 2664–69.
394
Bailey et al., "Effects of Gender and Sexual Orientation on Evolutionarily Relevant Aspects of Human Mating Psychology"; Archer, "The Reality and Evolutionary Significance of Human Psychological Sex Differences."
395
Sheryl A. Kingsberg, Anita H. Clayton, and James G. Pfaus, "The Female Sexual Response: Current Models, Neurobiological Underpinnings and Agents Currently Approved or Under Investigation for the Treatment of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder," CNS Drugs 29, no. 11 (2015): 915–33.
396
Simon LeVay, Gay, Straight, and the Reason Why: The Science of Sexual Orientation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), 119.
397
P. Södersten, "Lordosis Behaviour in Male, Female and Androgenized Female Rats," Journal of Endocrinology 70, no. 3 (1976): 409–20.
398
LeVay, Gay, Straight, and the Reason Why, 31. Как ни парадоксально, но ряд маскулинизирующих воздействий пренатальных андрогенов на нервную систему, по крайней мере у хищных и грызунов, осуществляется за счет действия эстрогена, который пренатально образуется в больших количествах путем преобразования тестикулярных андрогенов. У приматов, в том числе и людей, дело
