Blockers for Gender Dysphoria: A Momentous Step in the Dark," Archives of Disease in Childhood 104, no. 6 (2019): 611–12.
425
Чтобы эффект половых гормонов сохранялся, их необходимо принимать всю жизнь: Martin den Heijer, Alex Bakker, and Louis Gooren, "Long Term Hormonal Treatment for Transgender People," BMJ 359 (2017). Краткий обзор о роли гормонозаместительной терапии и пластических операций при трансгендерном переходе см. в: Jens U. Berli, Gail Knudson, Lin Fraser, Vin Tangpricha, Randi Ettner, Frederic M. Ettner, Joshua D. Safer et al., "What Surgeons Need to Know About Gender Confirmation Surgery When Providing Care for Transgender Individuals: A Review," JAMA Surgery 152, no. 4 (2017): 394–400.
426
Catherine Butler and Anna Hutchinson, "Debate: The Pressing Need for Research and Services for Gender Desisters/Detransitioners," Child and Adolescent Mental Health 25, no. 1 (2020): 45–47.
427
Van Slothouber, "(De) Trans Visibility: Moral Panic in Mainstream Media Reports on De/Retransition," European Journal of English Studies 24, no. 1 (2020): 89–99.
428
Улучшение настроения связывают с повышением уровня Т. Michael Zitzmann, "Testosterone, Mood, Behaviour and Quality of Life," Andrology (July 13, 2020): 1–8.
429
Mats Holmberg, Stefan Arver, and Cecilia Dhejne, "Supporting Sexuality and Improving Sexual Function in Transgender Persons," Nature Reviews Urology 16, no. 2 (2019): 121–39; Michael S. Irwig, "Testosterone Treatment for Transgender (Trans) Men," in The Plasticity of Sex, ed. Marianne J. Legato, 137–57 (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2020).
430
Giovanna Motta, Chiara Crespi, Valentina Mineccia, Paolo Riccardo Brustio, Chiara Manieri, and Fabio Lanfranco, "Does Testosterone Treatment Increase Anger Expression in a Population of Transgender Men?," The Journal of Sexual Medicine 15, no. 1 (2018): 94–101; Justine Defreyne, Guy T'Sjoen, Walter Pierre Bouman, Nicola Brewin, and Jon Arcelus, "Prospective Evaluation of Self-Reported Aggression in Transgender Persons," The Journal of Sexual Medicine 15, no. 5 (2018): 768–76.
431
Linden Crawford, "One Year on Testosterone," opinion, The New York Times, June 18, 2020.
432
Miranda A. L. Van Tilburg, Marielle L. Unterberg, and Ad J. J. M. Vingerhoets, "Crying During Adolescence: The Role of Gender, Menarche, and Empathy," British Journal of Developmental Psychology 20, no. 1 (2002): 77–87.
433
Johannes Fuss, Rainer Hellweg, Eva Van Caenegem, Peer Briken, Günter K. Stalla, Guy T'Sjoen, and Matthias K. Auer, "Cross-Sex Hormone Treatment in Male-to-Female Transsexual Persons Reduces Serum Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF)," European Neuropsychopharmacology 25, no. 1 (2015): 95–99.
434
John Archer, "The Reality and Evolutionary Significance of Human Psychological Sex Differences," Biological Reviews 94, no. 4 (2019): 1381–415.
435
Когда исследования показывают, что агрессивность у мужчин действительно меняется в ответ на повышение уровня Т, обычно это не очень большое изменение в прогнозируемом направлении, которое зависит от социальных и личностных факторов. Zitzmann, "Testosterone, Mood, Behaviour and Quality of Life."
436
Обычно высокие дозы Т у мужчин не приводят к усилению гнева. R. Tricker, R. Casaburi, T. W. Storer, B. Clevenger, N. Berman, A. Shirazi, and S. Bhasin, "The Effects of Supraphysiological Doses of Testosterone on Angry Behavior in Healthy Eugonadal Men–A Clinical Research Center Study," The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 81, no. 10 (1996): 3754–58. Подавление Т по медицинским причинам также не сказывается на проявлениях гнева. Хотя гормоны в значительной степени влияют на человеческое поведение, по сравнению с другими животными мы в какой-то мере свободнее, поскольку на модуляцию нашего поведения большое влияние оказывают социальные, когнитивные, культурные и психологические факторы. По этой причине большие изменения уровня Т у животных, вероятно, окажут большее влияние на поведение, как следует из описанного в главе 7 примера с крошечными мартышками, которые получали большие дозы тестостерона и становились более агрессивными по отношению к низкоранговым обезьянам.
437
CBS News, "'Know My Name': Author and Sexual Assault Survivor Chanel Miller's Full 60 Minutes Interview," August 9, 2020, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/chanel-miller-full-60-minutes-interview-know-my-name-author-brock-turner-sexual-assault-survivor-2020-08-09/.
438
Lindsey Bever, "The Swedish Stanford Students Who Rescued an Unconscious Sexual Assault Victim Speak Out," The Washington Post, June 8, 2016; and Scott Herhold, "Thanking Two Stanford Students Who Subdued Campus Sex Assault Suspect," opinion, Mercury News, March 21, 2016, https://www.mercurynews.com/2016/03/21/herhold-thanking-two-stanford-students-who-subdued-campus-sex-assault-suspect/.
439
Elle Hunt, "'20 Minutes of Action': Father Defends Stanford Student Son Convicted of Sexual Assault," The Guardian, June 5, 2016.
440
Chanel Miller, Know My Name: A Memoir (New York: Viking, 2019), 343, 349.
441
Maggie Astor, "California Voters Remove Judge Aaron Persky, Who Gave a 6-Month Sentence for Sexual Assault," The New York Times, June 6, 2018.
442
Carnegie Hero Fund Commission, "15 Named Carnegie Heroes for Acts of Extraordinary Heroism," June 22, 2020, https://www.carnegiehero.org/awardee_pr/15-named-carnegie-heroes-for-acts-of-extraordinary-heroism/.
443
О «крутых» женщинах, добивающихся выдающихся успехов в экстремальных видах спорта, см.: Toby, "5 Most Badass Female Extreme Sports Athletes," Liftoff Adventure, March 12, 2019, https://liftoffadventure.com/most-badass-female-extreme-sports-athletes/.
О половых различиях в импульсивности, склонности к риску и стремлению к сенсациям (у мужчин выше) см. в: Marcus Roth, Jörg Schumacher, and Elmar Brähler, "Sensation Seeking in the Community: Sex, Age and Sociodemographic Comparisons on a Representative German Population Sample," Personality and Individual Differences 39, no. 7 (2005): 1261–71; Elizabeth P. Shulman, K. Paige Harden, Jason M. Chein, and Laurence Steinberg, "Sex Differences in the Developmental Trajectories of Impulse Control and Sensation-Seeking from Early Adolescence to Early Adulthood," Journal of Youth and Adolescence 44, no. 1 (2015): 1–17; Marvin Zuckerman, Sybil B. Eysenck, and Hans J. Eysenck, "Sensation Seeking in England and America: Cross-Cultural, Age, and Sex Comparisons," Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 46, no. 1 (1978): 139; Catharine P. Cross, De-Laine M. Cyrenne, and Gillian R. Brown, "Sex Differences in Sensation-Seeking: A Meta-Analysis," Scientific Reports 3, no. 1 (2013): 1–5.
444
Miller, Know My Name, 357.
445
Ronan Farrow, "From Aggressive Overtures to Sexual Assault: Harvey Weinstein's Accusers Tell Their Stories," The New Yorker, October 10, 2017.
446
Louis C.K., "Louis C.K. Responds to Accusations: 'These Stories Are True,'" The New York Times, November 10, 2017.
447
Хотя движение #MeToo стало мощным фактором в изменении отношения к сексуальному насилию и домогательствам, оно также порой выходит за рамки разумного, и не все обвиняемые были признаны виновными. Журналист Эмили Йоффе привела примеры личных и профессиональных последствий для обвиняемых: Emily Yoffe, "I'm Radioactive,"Reason Magazine, October 2019.
448
Steven Pinker, Enlightenment Now: The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism, and Progress (New York: Penguin, 2018), 220–21.
449
Robert Plomin, Blueprint: How DNA Makes Us Who We Are (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2019), ix.
450
David C. Page, Rebecca Mosher, Elizabeth M. Simpson, Elizabeth M. C. Fisher, Graeme Mardon, Jonathan Pollack, Barbara McGillivray et al., "The Sex-Determining Region of the Human Y Chromosome Encodes a Finger Protein," Cell 51, no. 6 (1987): 1091–104.
451
Kristin R. Lamont and Donald J. Tindall, "Androgen Regulation of Gene Expression,"
