вызванных большим количеством бездомных солдат после окончания Наполеоновских войн, но его сфера действия была расширена в течение девятнадцатого века, чтобы криминализировать множество видов кажущейся безнравственности.
33. Ответ в приложении.
34. Распространенной, пускай и упрощенной, является аналогия с врачом и хирургом. Сначала вы обращаетесь к солиситору (врачу), который диагностирует проблему и, при необходимости, поручает барристеру (хирургу) провести «операцию» на суде. Не самое блестящее сравнение, но суть отражает.
35. Судьи – это опытные, юридически квалифицированные специалисты, заседающие в судах по всей судебной иерархии. Мировые судьи (магистраты) – это неоплачиваемые добровольцы, не имеющие юридической квалификации, которые заседают в мировых судах. Они находятся на нижней ступеньке юридической лестницы, но мировые судьи все же имеют право отправлять людей в тюрьму (в уголовном процессе) и отбирать детей (в семейном процессе).
36. ‘Third of Britons don’t know difference between civil and criminal courts’, The Times, 8 November 2019, https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/third-of-britons-dont-know-differencebetween-civil-and-criminal-courts-nvv7rqv6h
37. Citizens Advice, ‘Responsive justice: How citizens experience thejustice system’, November 2015, p.2, https://www.citizensadvice.org.uk/Global/CitizensAdvice/Crime%20and%20Justice%20 Publications/Responsivejustice.pdf
38. Единственный известный молоток в зале суда Англии и Уэльса находится в Коронном суде Внутреннего Лондона, где клерк стучит молотком, чтобы объявить о входе судьи в суд. В остальном они являются исключительной прерогативой аукционистов и фоторедакторов[137].
Глава первая. Вы и ваш дом
1. ‘Conservative conference: Force against burglars to be allowed’, BBC News, 9 October 2012, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-19879314
2. S. Morris, ‘The killer who won a nation’s sympathy’, Guardian, 30 October 2001, https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/oct/30/tonymartin.ukcrime2
3. Там же.
4. R. Alleyne, ‘Killer who was a hero to victims of crime’, Telegraph, 31 October 2001, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1361023/Killer-who-was-a-hero-to-victims-of-crime.html
5. Там же.
6. I. Burrell, ‘Payment to Tony Martin was justified, says PCC’, Independent, 3 October 2003, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/payment-to-tony-martin-was-justified-sayspcc-89575.html
7. P. Waugh, ‘Hague calls for overhaul in laws of self-defence’, Independent, 26 April 2000, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/hague-calls-for-overhaul-in-laws-of-selfdefence-266716.html
8. S. Morris, ‘The killer who won a nation’s sympathy’, Guardian, 30 October 2001.
9. P. Wintour, ‘What the memo tells us about Tony Blair’s style of leadership’, Guardian, 18 July 2000, https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2000/jul/18/labour.politicalnews
10. M. Sullivan, ‘DON’T CHARGE HIM: Join The Sun to demand an end to murder probe into hero OAP Richard Osborn-Brooks, accused of stabbing serial burglar’, the Sun, 5 April 2018, https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/5984919/petition-richard-osborn-brooks-murder-burglar/
11. P. Waugh, ‘Hague calls for overhaul in laws of self-defence’, Independent, 26 April 2000.
12. Процитировано в: J. R. Spencer, ‘Using force on burglars’, Archbold Review, issue 2 (March 2016), p. 6.
13. Раздел 2 Закона 1957 года об убийствах.
14. R v. Martin (Anthony Edward) [2001] EWCA Crim 2245; [2002] Cr App R 27.
15. Раздел 3 Закона 1967 года об уголовном праве.
16. Palmer v. R [1971] AC 814.
17. R v. McInnes [1971] 55 Cr App R 551.
18. Факты взяты из решения Апелляционного суда, R v. Martin (Anthony Edward) [2001] EWCA Crim 2245; [2002] Cr App R 27.
19. R. Alleyne, ‘Killer who was a hero to victims of crime’, Telegraph, 31 October 2001.
20. ‘“Have a go hero” businessman Munir Hussain freed by Court of Appeal’, The Times, 20 January 2010, https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/have-a-go-hero-businessman-munir-hussain-freedby-court-of-appeal-kr8p9v6057g
21. Там же.
22. R. Clark, ‘Munir Hussain: He’s free but what an outrage that he was prosecuted’, Daily Express, 22 January 2010, https://www.express.co.uk/comment/expresscomment/153368/Munir-HussainHe-s-free-but-what-an-outrage-that-he-was-prosecuted
23. ‘“Have a go hero” businessman Munir Hussain freed by Court of Appeal’, The Times, 20 January 2010.
24. R v. Hussain & Hussain [2010] EWCA Crim 94; [2010] 2 Cr App R (S) 60, per Lord Judge C. J. at [34].
25. ‘Homeowners and self-defence – DPP issues further details of cases’, Crown Prosecution Service press release, 13 January 2005, cited in S. Lipscombe, ‘Householders and the criminal law of self defence’, House of Commons Library, 10 January 2013.
26. ‘Welby farm shooting: Couple will not face charges’, BBC News, 5 September 2012, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-leicestershire-19496531
27. D. Batty, ‘Burglars should accept risk of being shot, says judge’, Guardian, 26 September 2012, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/sep/26/burglars-accept-risk-shot-judge
28. ‘Yorkshire farmer, 83, claims shooting was “self-defence”’, BBC News, 10 March 2017, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-humber– 39229170
29. ‘Farmer, 83, cleared over shooting man on his land’, BBC News, 10 March 2017, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-humber-39233017
30. Lord Thomas of Gresford, House of Lords, 22 January 2008, Hansard, column 135, https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200708/ldhansrd/text/80122-0003.html
31. Conservative manifesto 2010, ‘Invitation to Join the Government of Britain’, p.56: ‘We will give householders greater legal protection if they have to defend themselves against intruders in their homes.’ http://conservativehome.blogs.com/files/conservative-manifesto-2010.pdf
32. J. Slack and J. Chapman, ‘“They loaded up my Skoda and drove off”: David Cameron reveals he has been burgled twice as he tells homeowners they can use disproportionate force against intruders’, Daily Mail, 8 October 2012, https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2214830/They-loaded-Skoda-drove-David-Cameron-reveals-burgled-twicetells-homeowners-use-disproportionate-force-intruders.html
33. R. Prince, ‘David Cameron: when a burglar invades your home they give up their rights’, Telegraph, 9 October 2012, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/conservative/9595589/David-Cameron-when-a-burglar-invades-your-home-they-give-uptheir-rights.html
34. ‘Chris Grayling: How I’m fulfilling my promise on new rights for householders’, Sunday Telegraph, 24 November 2012, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/9700895/Chris-Grayling-HowIm-fulfilling-my-promise-on-new-rights-for-householders.html
35. O. Bowcott, ‘Chris Grayling’s self-defence plans greeted with dismay by lawyers’, Guardian, 9 October 2012, https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2012/oct/09/chris-grayling-self-defence-lawyers
36. G. Wilson, ‘It’s official: You can batter a burglar’, the Sun, 8 October 2012, https://www.thesun.co.uk/archives/politics/975563/its-official-you-can-batter-a-burglar/
37. R. Prince, ‘David Cameron: when a burglar invades your home they give up their rights’, Telegraph, 9 October 2012.
38. Раздел 76(6) Закона 2008 года об уголовном правосудии и иммиграции.
39. R. Prince, ‘David Cameron: when a burglar invades your home they give up their rights’, Telegraph, 9 October 2012.
40. G. Wilson, ‘It’s official: You can batter a burglar’, the Sun, 8 October 2012.
41. Там же.
42. Раздел 76(5A) Закона 2008 года об уголовном правосудии и иммиграции.
43. R (on the application of Collins) v. Secretary of State for Justice [2016] EWHC 33 (Admin).
44. Поскольку применение «обоснованной силы в целях самообороны» ранее (и последовательно) признавалось совместимым со статьей 2 о праве на жизнь, вывод суда о том, что раздел 76 (5A) не меняет фундаментальный критерий «обоснованности», означает, что новый подраздел не создает никаких проблем с совместимостью.
45. Решение сэра Брайана Левесона П., там же на [62].
46. M. Beckford, ‘You can’t bash a burglar after all: Government’s tough rhetoric branded a farce as it’s revealed homeowners are barred from fighting raiders in garden or chasing them outside’, Daily Mail, 27 April 2013, https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2315808/You-bash-burglar-Governments-tough-rhetoricbranded-farce-revealed-homeowners-barred-fighting-raidersgarden-chasing-outside.html
47. H. Goodman, ‘NRA’s Behind-the-Scenes Campaign Encouraged “Stand Your Ground” Adoption’, Florida Center for Investigative Reporting, 23 March 2012, https://fcir.org/2012/03/23/nras-behind-the-scenes-campaign-encouraged-stand-your-groundadoption-across-the-country/
48. A. O’Neill, ‘NRA’s Marion Hammer stands her ground’, CNN, 15 April 2012, https://edition.cnn.com/2012/04/15/us/marionhammer-profile/index.html
49. A. Goodnough, ‘Florida Expands Right to Use Deadly Force in
