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translation, New York, 1970); Michael J. Crowe, 'Herschel, John Frederick William', ODNB 26, 825–31; Richard Holmes, The Age of Wonder: How the Romantic Generation Discovered the Beauty and Terror of Science (2008: new edn, London, 2009), 387–411; James A. Secord, 'The Conduct of Everyday Life: John Herschel's Preliminary Discourse on the Study of Natural Philosophy', in his Visions of Science (Oxford, 2014), 80–106.
371
Laura J. Snyder, The Philosophical Breakfast Club: Four Remarkable Friends who Transformed Knowledge and Changed the World (New York, 2011).
372
Robert E. Butts, 'Whewell, William', DSB 14, 292–5; Richard Yeo, Defining Science: William Whewell, Natural Knowledge, and Public Debate in Early Victorian Britain (Cambridge, 1993); он же, 'Whewell, William', ODNB 58, 463–70.
373
John Herschel, Proceedings of the Royal Society 16 (1867–8), liii.
374
Yeo, Defining Science, 57; J. M. F. Wright, Alma Mater (London, 1827).
375
R. A. Hyman, Charles Babbage (London, 1982); Doron Swade, The Cogwheel Brain: Charles Babbage and the Quest to Build the First Computer (London, 2000); он же, 'Babbage, Charles', ODNB 3, 68–74; James A. Secord, 'The Economy of Intelligence: Charles Babbage's Reflections on the Decline of Science in England', in his Visions of Science (Oxford, 2014), 52–79.
376
Isaiah Berlin, 'Herder and the Enlightenment', in Vico and Herder (London, 1976), 145–216; Jürgen Trabant, 'Herder and Language', in Hans Adler and Wolf Koepke (eds.), Companion to the Works of Johann Gottfried Herder (Rochester, NY, 2009), 117–39.
377
Walter H. Bruford, Culture and Society in Classical Weimar, 1775–1806 (Cambridge, 1962), 174–235; Peter H. Reill, 'Herder's Historical Practice and the Discourse of Late Enlightenment Science', in Wulf Koepke (ed.), Johann Gottfried Herder, Academic Disciplines and the Pursuit of Knowledge (Columbia, SC, 1996), 13–21; Elías Palti, 'The «Metaphor of Life»: Herder's Philosophy of History and Uneven Developments in Late Eighteenth-Century Natural Sciences', History and Theory 38 (1999), 322–47; Dalia Nassar, 'Understanding as Explanation: The Significance of Herder's and Goethe's Science of Describing', in Anik Waldow and Nigel DeSouza (eds.), Herder: Philosophy and Anthropology (Oxford, 2017), 106–25.
378
Nicholas Boyle, Goethe: The Poet and the Age, 2 vols. (Oxford, 1991–2000).
379
Katharina Mommsen, Goethe and the Poets of Arabia (1988; English translation: Rochester, NY, 2014).
380
Hugh A. Nisbet, Goethe and the Scientific Tradition (1972); George A. Wells, Goethe and the Development of Science (Alphen, 1978); F. Amrine et al., Goethe and the Sciences (Dordrecht, 1987).
381
Paul R. Sweet, Wilhelm von Humboldt: A Biography, 2 vols. (Columbus, OH, 1978–80); Tilman Borsche, Wilhelm von Humboldt (Munich, 1990); Peter H. Reill, 'Science and the Construction of the Cultural Sciences in Late Enlightenment Germany: The Case of Wilhelm von Humboldt', History and Theory 33 (1994), 345–66; K. Muller-Vollmer, 'Wilhelm von Humboldt', Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/wilhelm-humboldt.
382
Ole Hansen-Love, La révolution copernicienne du langage dans l'oevre de Wilhelm von Humboldt (Paris, 1972).
383
Ralph W. Emerson, Works, 17 vols. (London, 1904–5), vol. xi, 458.
384
Kurt-R. Biermann and Ingo Schwarz (1997) 'Der polyglotte Alexander von Humboldt', Mitteilungen der Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung H69, 39–44.
385
Bettina Hey'l, Das Ganze der Natur und die Differenzierung des Wissens: Alexander von Humboldt als Schriftsteller (Berlin, 2007), 7–10, 386–394 and passim.
386
Die letzte Universalgelehrte: Claudia Schülke, https://www.welt.de› Wissenschaft, 4 May 2009.
387
Auguste Comte, 'Préface personnelle', Cours de Philosophie Positive, 6 vols. (1830–42, переиздание – Brussels, 1969), vol. 6, v – xxxviii. См. также: Mary Pickering, Auguste Comte: An Intellectual Biography, 3 vols. (Cambridge, 1993–2009).
388
Comte, Cours, vol. 1, 1–115. См. также: Johan Heilbron, 'Auguste Comte and Modern Epistemology', Sociological Theory 8 (1990), 153–62; Pickering, Auguste Comte, vol. 1, 445, 561–604.
389
Sydney Elsen, 'Herbert Spencer and the Spectre of Comte', Journal of British Studies 7 (1967), 48–67.
390
John D. Y. Peel, Herbert Spencer: The Evolution of a Sociologist (London, 1971); Greta Jones and Robert Peel, Herbert Spencer: The Intellectual Legacy (London, 2004); José Harris, 'Spencer, Herbert', ODNB 51, 851–61.
391
Общие труды о Марксе очень многочисленны, от Isaiah Berlin, Karl Marx (London, 1939) до Gareth Stedman Jones, Karl Marx: Greatness and Illusion (London, 2016).
392
Lawrence Krader (ed.), The Ethnological Notebooks of Karl Marx (Assen, 1972).
393
Цит. по: Eric Hobsbawm, 'Marx, Karl', ODNB 37, 57–66, at 60.
394
Jones, Karl Marx, 434, 593.
395
René Wellek, A History of Modern Criticism 1750–1950, 4 vols. (Cambridge, 1955–65), vol. 3, 34–72; Wolf Lepenies, Sainte-Beuve: Auf der Schwelle zur Moderne (Munich, 1997).
396
François Furet and Françoise Mélonio, 'introduction' to Tocqueville, Oeuvres, vol. 1 (Paris, 2004); Raymond Aron, Main Currents in Sociological Thought, 2 vols. (Harmondsworth, 1968–70), vol. 1, 183–232; Melvin Richter, 'Tocqueville on Algeria', Review of Politics 25 (1963), 362–98.
397
Jean-Louis Benoît, Tocqueville (Paris, 2005). xii.
398
Richard Swedberg, Tocqueville's Political Economy (Princeton, NJ, 2009), 73.
399
H. W. Wardman, Ernest Renan: A Critical Biography (London, 1964), 211. См. также: Jean-Pierre Van Deth, Renan (Paris, 2012); Henry Laurens (ed.), Ernest Renan (Paris, 2013).
400
Историк Габриэль Моно, цит. по: Laurens, Renan, 10.
401
Leo Weinstein, Hippolyte Taine (New York, 1972); Regina Pozzi, Hippolyte Taine: scienze umane e politica nel 'Ottocento (Venice, 1993); Nathalie Richard, Hippolyte Taine: histoire, psychologie, littérature (Paris, 2013).
402
Pozzi, Hippolyte Taine, 24.
403
Richard, Hippolyte Taine, 81.
404
Цит. по: Weinstein, Hippolyte Taine, 26.
405
Ann P. Robson, 'Mill, Harriet', ODNB 38, 143–6; Dale E. Miller, 'Harriet Taylor Mill', in Edward N. Zalta (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy (Stanford, CA, 2015): https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2015/entries/harriet-mill.
406
Nicholas Capaldi, John Stuart Mill: A Biography (Cambridge, 2004); Jose Harris, 'Mill, John Stuart', ODNB 38, 155–75.
407
Timothy Hilton, John Ruskin, 2 vols. (New Haven CT, 1985–2000); Robert
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