James Specht, Jennifer Zeunik, “Community Policing & Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS): Guidelines to Enhance Community Trust”, National Police Foundation and US Department of Justice, Community Oriented Policing Service, 2016, www.policefoundation.org/publication/community-policing-unmanned-aircraft-systems-uas-guidelines-to-enhance-community-trust.
148
“Voluntary Best Practices for UAS Privacy, Transparency and Accountability”, National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA), May 18, 2016, www.ntia.doc.gov/files/ntia/publications/uas_privacy_best_practices_6-21-16.pdf.
149
“Drone Laws: Federal, State, and Local Drone Regulations”, 911 Security, www.911security.com/learn/airspace-security/drone-laws-rules-and-regulations.
150
Arthur Holland Michel, Dan Gettinger, “Drone Incidents: A Survey of Legal Cases”, Center for the Study of the Drone at Bard College, April 2017, https://dronecenter.bard.edu/drone-incidents.
151
Gregory McNeal, “Drones and Aerial Surveillance: Considerations for Legislatures”, Brookings Institution, November 2014, www.brookings.edu/research/drones-and-aerial-surveillance-considerations-for-legislatures.
152
Kevin Rector, “Surveillance Company Wants Baltimore to Put Three of Its Planes over the City at Once”, Washington Post, September 25, 2019, www.washingtonpost.com/local/legal-issues/surveillance-company-wants-baltimore-to-put-three-of-its-planes-over-the-city-at-once/2019/09/25/c8bdf4ae-dbfa-11e9-ac63-3016711543fe_story.html.
153
Louis Krauss, “In Baltimore, Complaints About the Sounds of Surveillance”, Baltimore Brew, May 13, 2020, https://baltimorebrew.com/2020/05/13/in-baltimore-complaints-about-the-sounds-of-surveillance.
154
Justin Fenton, Talia Richman, “Baltimore Police Back Pilot Program for Surveillance Planes, Reviving Controversial Program”, Baltimore Sun, December 20, 2019, www.baltimoresun.com/news/crime/bs-md-ci-cr-baltimore-police-support-surveil-lance-plane-20191220-zfhd5ndtlbdurlj5xfr6xhoe2i-story.html; Emily Opilo, “ACLU Sues Baltimore Police over Contract for Private Planes to Survey City for Photographic Evidence of Crime”, Baltimore Sun, April 9, 2020, www.baltimoresun.com/politics/bs-md-ci-baltimore-spy-plane-lawsuit-20200409-owedgyfulfhblgscuyv73ykd7y-story.html.
155
Wendy Sawyer, Peter Wagner, “Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2020”, Prison Policy Initiative, March 24, 2020, www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2020.html.
156
“Why We Need Pretrial Reform”, Pretrial Justice Institute, n. d., www.pretrial.org/get-involved/learn-more/why-we-need-pretrial-reform.
157
Килгорд ведет базу данных своих работ по электронному мониторингу. См. “Chal-lenging E-Carceration”, www.challengingecarceration.org/author/jjincu.
158
Jan Bungerfeldt, “Old and New Uses of Electronic Monitoring in Sweden”, Centre for Crime and Justice Studies, 2013, www.crimeandjustice.org.uk/sites/crimeandjustice.org.uk/files/09627251.2014.902193.pdf.
159
Rafael Di Tella, Ernesto Schargrodsky, “Criminal Recidivism After Prison and Electronic Monitoring”, Journal of Political Economy 121, no. 1 (2013).
160
Это мне рассказал Дэвид Фейдж. См. также “Lorelei Laird, “The Bail Project Pays Defen-dants’ Bail as Part of Plan to End Money Bail Entirely”, ABA Journal, November 1, 2019, www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/the-bail-project-pays-defendants-bail-as-part-of-a-plan-to-end-money-bail-entirely.
161
Brice Cooke, Binta Zahra Diop, Alissa Fishbane, Jonathan Hayes, Aurelie Ouss, Anuj Shah, “Using Behavioral Science to Improve Criminal Justice Outcomes: Preventing Failures to Appear in Court”, University of Chicago Crime Lab, January 2018, www.courthousenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/crim-just-report.pdf.
162
Marie VanNostrand, “New Jersey Jail Population Analysis: Identifying Opportunities to Safely and Responsibly Reduce the Jail Population”, Luminosity in Partnership with the Drug Policy Alliance, March 2013, www.drugpolicy.org/sites/default/files/New_Jersey_Jail_Population_Analysis_March_2013.pdf.
163
“The War on Marijuana in Black and White”, American Civil Liberties Union, June 2013, www.aclu.org/report/report-war-marijuana-black-and-white.
164
Emma Pierson, Camelia Simoiu, Jan Overgoor, Sam Corbett-Davies, Daniel Jenson, Amy Shoemaker, Vignesh Ramachandran, et al., “A Large-Scale Analysis of Racial Disparities in Police Stops Across the United States”, Stanford Computational Policy Lab, March 13, 2019.
165
David Arnold, Will Dobbie, Crystal S. Yang, “Racial Bias in Bail Decisions”, NBER Working Paper 23421, National Bureau of Economics, May 2017.
166
Отчет о преступности штата Нью-Йорк, сентябрь 2019 года.
167
George James, “New York Killings Set a Record, While Other Crimes Fell in 1990”, New York Times, April 23, 1991.
168
“To Restore New York City; First, Reclaim the Streets”, New York Times, December 30, 1990.
169
Многое из того, что следует далее, взято из “COMPSTAT: Its Origins, Evolution and Future in Law Enforcement Agencies”, US Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Assistance, and the Police Executive Research Forum, 2013, https://bja.ojp.gov/sites/g/files/xyckuh 186/files/Publications/PERF-Compstat.pdf.
170
“Race and the Drug War”, Drug Policy Alliance, n. d., www.drugpolicy.org/issues/race-and-drug-war.
171
“Strategic Subject List”, Chicago Data Portal, https://data.cityofchicago.org/Public-Safety/Strategic-Subject-List/4aki-r3np.
172
Jeff Asher, Rob Arthur, “Inside the Algorithm That Tries to Predict Gun Violence in Chicago”, New York Times, June 13, 2017, www.nytimes.com/2017/06/13/upshot/what-an-algorithm-reveals-about-life-on-chicagos-high-risk-list.html; Brianna Posadas, “How Strategic is Chicago’s ‘Strategic Subject List’? Upturn Investigates”, Medium, June 22, 2017, https://medium.com/equal-future/how-strategic-is-chicagos-strategic-subjects-list-upturn-investigates-9e5b4b235a7c.
173
Stephanie Kollman, An Enormous List of Names Does Nothing to Combat Chicago Crime”, Chicago Sun-Times, May 16, 2017, https://chicago.suntimes.com/2017/5/16/1832 1160/an-enormous-list-of-names-does-nothing-to-combat-chicago-crime.
174
Yana Kunichoff, Patrick Sier, “The Contradictions of Chicago Police’s Secretive List”, Chicago, August 21, 2017, www.chicagomag.com/city-life/August-2017/Chicago-Police-Strategic-Subject-List.
175
Jeremy Gormer, Annie Sweeney, “For Years Chicago Police Rated the Risk of Tens of Thousands Being Caught Up in Violence. That Controversial Effort Has Quietly Been Ended”, Chicago Tribune, January 24, 2020, www.chicagotribune.com/news/criminal-justice/ct-chicago-police-strategic-subject-list-ended-20200125-spn4kjmrxrh4tmktdjckhtox4i-story.html.
176
Хорошее введение в DMI см. в “Drug Market Intervention”, National Network for Safe Communities at John Jay College, n. d., https://nnscommunities.org/strategies/drug-market-intervention-2.
177
Jessica Saunders, Priscilla Hunt, and John S. Hollywood, “Predictions Put into Practice: A Quasi-Experimental Evaluation of Chicago’s Predictive Policing Pilot”, Journal of Experimental Criminology 12, no. 3 (2016): 347–371.
178
Julia Dressel and Hany Farid, “The Accuracy, Fairness and Limits of Predicting Recidivism”, Science Advances 4, no. 1 (2018).
179
Julia Angwin, Jeff Larson, Surya Mattu, and Lauren Kirchner, “Machine Bias”, ProPublica, May 23, 2016, www.propublica.org/article/machine-bias-risk-assessments-in-criminal-sentencing.
180
Cynthia Rudin, “Stop Explaining Black Box Machine Learning Models for High Stakes Decisions and Use Interpretable Models Instead”, Nature Machine Intelligence 1 (2019): 206–215.
181
Дело Штат против Лумиса, 881 N.W.2d 746 (2016).
182
Kristian Lum, William Isaac, “To Predict and Serve?”, Royal Statistical Society, October 7, 2016.
183
Rashida Richardson, Jason Schultz, Kate Crawford, “Dirty Data, Bad Predictions: How Civil Rights Violations Impact Police Data, Predictive Policing Systems and Justice”, New York
