отчет Министерства юстиции, негативно относится к доказательствам в виде следов укусов. См. “Relevant Cases: William Richards”, California Innocence Project, n. d., https://californiainnocenceproject.org/issues-we-face/bite-mark-evidence; Committee on Identifying the Needs of the Forensic Science Community; Committee on Science, Technology, and Law Policy and Global Affairs; Committee on Applied and Theoretical Statistics Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences; and National Research Council of the National Academies, Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States: A Path Forward (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2009), доступно по ссылке www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/228091.pdf.
110
Заявление Кимберли Дж. Дель Греко перед Комитетом палаты представителей по надзору и правительственной реформе, 22 марта 2017 г., www.fbi.gov/news/testimony/law-enforcements-use-of-facial-recognition-technology.
111
Matt Wood, “Thoughts on Machine Learning Accuracy”, AWS News Blog, July 27, 2018, https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/thoughts-on-machine-learning-accuracy.
112
Joy Buolamwini, Timrit Gebru, “Gender Shades: Intersectional Accuracy Disparities in Commercial Gender Classification”, Proceedings of Machine Learning Research 81 (2018): 77–91.
113
Набор данных “Разнообразие в лицах”, опубликованный 29 января 2019 года. См. John R. Smith, “IBM Research Releases ‘Diversity in Faces’ Dataset to Advance Study of Fairness in Facial Recognition Systems”, IBM, January 29, 2019, www.ibm.com/blogs/research/2019/01/diversity-in-faces.
114
Steve Lohr, “Facial Recognition Is Accurate, if You’re a White Guy”, New York Times, February 9, 2018, www.nytimes.com/2018/02/09/technology/facial-recognition-race-artificial-intelligence.html.
115
Patrick Grother, Mei Ngan, Kayee Hanaoka, “Ongoing Face Recognition Vendor Test (FRVT). Part 2: Identification”, NIST Interagency/Internal Report (NISTIR) 8238, National Institute of Standards and Technology, November 2018, https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ir/2018/NIST.IR.8238.pdf.
116
Patrick Grother, Mei Ngan, and Kayee Hanaoka, “Face Recognition Vendor Test (FRVT). Part 3: Demographic Effects”, NIST Interagency/Internal Report (NISTIR) 8280, National Institute of Standards and Technology, December 2019, https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ir/2019/NIST.IR.8280.pdf.
117
“Using Facial Recognition Systems”, Washington County Sheriff’s Office (Oregon), Policy #808-R03, effective January 4, 2019, www.co.washington.or.us/Sheriff/Policies/800/upload/808-R03-FINAL-Using-Facial-Recognition-Systems-01-04-19.pdf.
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James O’Neill, “How Facial Recognition Makes You Safer”, New York Times, June 9, 2019; “Patrol Guide”, New York City Police Department, March 12, 2020, www1.nyc.gov/assets/nypd/downloads/pdf/nypd-facial-recognition-patrol-guide.pdf.
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Принадлежит Мете, которая признана экстремистской на территории РФ.
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Clare Garvie, “Garbage In, Garbage Out: Facial Recognition on Flawed Data”, Georgetown Law, Center on Privacy and Technology, May 16, 2019, www.flawedface data.com.
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Drew Harwell, “FBI, ICE Find State Driver’s License Photos Are a Gold Mine for Facial-Recognition Searches”, Washington Post, July 7, 2019, www.wash- ingtonpost.com/technology/2019/07/07/fbi-ice-find-state-drivers-license-photos-are-gold-mine-facial-recognition-searches.
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Drew Harwell, Erin Cox, “ICE Has Run Facial-Recognition Searches on Millions of Maryland Drivers”, Washington Post, February 26, 2020, www.washington post.com/technology/2020/02/26/ice-has-run-facial-recognition-searches-millions-maryland-drivers.
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Можно перевести как Вечная шеренга для опознания. – Прим. пер.
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Clare Garvie, Alvaro Bedoya, Jonathan Frankle, “The Perpetual Line-Up: Unregulated Police Face Recognition in America”, Georgetown Law, Center on Privacy and Technology, October 18, 2016, www.perpetuallineup.org.
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“In Your Face: China’s All-Seeing State”, BBC, December 10, 2017, www.bbc.com/news/av/world-asia-china-42248056/in-your-face-china-s-all-seeing-state.
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Clare Garvie, Laura M. Moy, “America Under Watch: Face Surveillance in the United States”, Georgetown Law, Center on Privacy and Technology, May 16, 2019, www.americaunderwatch.com.
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Dave Gershgorn, “Exclusive: Live Facial-Recognition Is Coming to U. S. Police Body Cameras”, OneZero, March 4, 2020, https://onezero.medium.com/exclusive-live-facial-recognition-is-coming-to-u-s-police-body-cameras-bc9036918ae0.
128
Директива 307.5 отдела полиции Детройта, одобренная 12 сентября 2019 г.
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Allie Gross, Ross Jones, “New Rules over Facial Recognition Approved, but Distrust and Confusion Remain”, WXYS News, September 20, 2019, www.wxyz.com/news/local-news/investigations/new-rules-over-facial-recognition-approved-but-distrust-and-confusion-remain.
130
Принадлежит Мете, которая признана экстремистской на территории РФ.
131
Дело Патель против Facebook[19], Inc., № 18–15982 (9 декабря 2019 года).
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Нейтральный номер ссылки: [2019] EWHC 2341 (Admin), дело №: CO/4085/2018, решение принято 4 сентября 2019 года.
133
Дело Карпентер против Соединенных Штатов, № 16–402, 585 U.S. ____ (2018).
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Matt Cagle, Nicole Ozer, “Amazon Teams Up with Government to Deploy Dangerous New Facial Recognition Technology”, American Civil Liberties Union, May 22, 2018, www.aclu.org/blog/privacy-technology/surveillance-technologies/amazon-teams-government-deploy-dangerous-new.
135
Michael Punke, “Some Thoughts on Facial Recognition Legislation”, AWS Machine Learning Blog, February 7, 2019, https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/machine-learning/some-thoughts-on-facial-recognition-legislation.
136
“First Report of the Axon AI & Policing Technology Ethics Board”, June 2019, https://static1.squarespace.com/static/58a33e881b631bc60d4f8b31/t/5d13d7e1990c4f00014c0aeb/1561581540954/Axon_Ethics_Board_First_Report.pdf.
137
Robin Emmott, “Mexico’s Ciudad Juarez, the World’s Most Violent City?” Reuters, August 28, 2009, http://blogs.reuters.com/global/2009/08/28/violent-ciudad-juarez.
138
Таблица 1. Количество, процент и общий показатель убийств в разбивке по полу, расе / этнической принадлежности и возрастной группе – National Vital Statistics System, United States, 2007 and 2009, // Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, “Homicides – United States, 2007 and 2009”, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Supplements 62, no. 3 (November 22, 2013), www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/su6203a28.htm#Tab1; Francesca Mirabile, Daniel Nass, “What’s the Homicide Capital of America? Murder Rates in U. S. Cities, Ranked”, The Trace, October 1, 2019, www.thetrace.org/2018/04/highest-murder-rates-us-cities-list.
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Эти биографические подробности и большая часть последующего обсуждения взяты из моего разговора с Россом Макнаттом.
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Sarah Ryley, Jeremy Singer-Vine, Sean Campbell, “Shoot Someone in a Major City, and Odds Are You’ll Get Away with It”, The Trace, January 24, 2019, www.thetrace.org/features/murder-solve-rate-gun-violence-baltimore-shootings.
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Dan Gettinger, “Public Safety Drones, 3rd ed.”, Center for the Study of the Drone at Bard College, March 2020, https://dronecenter.bard.edu/files/2020/03/CSD-Public-Safety-Drones-3rd-Edition-Web.pdf.
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Федеральные авиационные правила, 14 CFR. Часть 107 – Малые беспилотные авиационные системы.
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Дело Флорида против Райли, 488 U.S. 445 (1989).
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Дело Калифорния против Чираоло, 476, U.S. 207 (1986).
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Дело Соединенные Штаты против Коусби, 328 U.S. 256 (1946).
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Я присутствовал на этой конференции и видел выступление Фрейзера.
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Maria Valdovinos,
