Testosterone Responses to Imagined and Real Dominance Success," Hormones and Behavior 36, no. 3 (1999): 234–41; Shawn N. Geniole and Justin M. Carré, "Human Social Neuroendocrinology: Review of the Rapid Effects of Testosterone," Hormones and Behavior 104 (2018): 192–205.
308
Christoph Eisenegger, Robert Kumsta, Michael Naef, Jörg Gromoll, and Markus Heinrichs, "Testosterone and Androgen Receptor Gene Polymorphism Are Associated with Confidence and Competitiveness in Men," Hormones and Behavior 92 (2017): 93–102.
309
Merlin G. Butler and Ann M. Manzardo, "Androgen Receptor (AR) Gene CAG Trinucleotide Repeat Length Associated with Body Composition Measures in Non-Syndromic Obese, Non-Obese and Prader-Willi Syndrome Individuals," Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics 32, no. 6 (2015): 909–15.
310
M. G. Packard, A. H. Cornell, and G. M. Alexander, "Rewarding Affective Properties of Intra-Nucleus Accumbens Injections of Testosterone," Behavioral Neuroscience 111, no. 1 (1997): 219–24; Jeffrey Parrilla-Carrero, Orialis Figueroa, Alejandro Lugo et al., "The Anabolic Steroids Testosterone Propionate and Nandrolone, but Not 17alpha-Methyltestosterone, Induce Conditioned Place Preference in Adult Mice," Drug and Alcohol Dependence 100, no. 1–2 (2009): 122–27.
311
Tertia D. Purves-Tyson, Samantha J. Owens, Kay L. Double, Reena Desai, David J. Handelsman, and Cynthia S. Weickert, "Testosterone Induces Molecular Changes in Dopamine Signaling Pathway Molecules in the Adolescent Male Rat Nigrostriatal Pathway," PloS One 9, no. 3 (2014): e91151; Cheryl A. Frye, "Some Rewarding Effects of Androgens May Be Mediated by Actions of Its 5α-Reduced Metabolite 3α-Androstanediol," Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior 86, no. 2 (2007): 354–67.
312
M. A. de Souza Silva, C. Mattern, B. Topic, T. E. Buddenberg, and J. P. Huston, "Dopaminergic and Serotonergic Activity in Neostriatum and Nucleus Accumbens Enhanced by Intranasal Administration of Testosterone," European Neuropsychopharmacology 19, no. 1 (2009): 53–63.
313
Shawn N. Geniole, Tanya L. Procyshyn, Nicole Marley et al., "Using a Psychopharmacogenetic Approach to Identify the Pathways Through Which–and the People for Whom–Testosterone Promotes Aggression," Psychological Science 30, no. 4 (2019): 481–94.
314
Robert M. Sapolsky, The Trouble with Testosterone: And Other Essays on the Biology of the Human Predicament (New York: Scribner, 1998).
315
Baris O. Yildirim and Jan J. L. Derksen, "A Review on the Relationship Between Testosterone and the Interpersonal/Affective Facet of Psychopathy," Psychiatry Research 197, no. 3 (2012): 181–98.
316
Katy Vincent, Catherine Warnaby, Charlotte J. Stagg, Jane Moore, Stephen Kennedy, and Irene Tracy, "Brain Imaging Reveals That Engagement of Descending Inhibitory Pain Pathways in Healthy Women in a Low Endogenous Estradiol State Varies with Testosterone," Pain 154, no. 4 (2013): 515–24; and J. C. Choi, Y.-H. Park, S. K. Park et al., "Testosterone Effects on Pain and Brain Activation Patterns," Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 61, no. 6 (2017): 668–75.
317
Justin M. Carré, Susan K. Putnam, and Cheryl M. McCormick, "Testosterone Responses to Competition Predict Future Aggressive Behaviour at a Cost to Reward in Men," Psychoneuroendocrinology 34, no. 4 (2009): 561–70.
318
A. F. Dixson and J. Herbert, "Testosterone, Aggressive Behavior and Dominance Rank in Captive Adult Male Talapoin Monkeys (Miopithecus talapoin)," Physiology and Behavior 18, no. 3 (1977): 539–43.
319
Sapolsky, The Trouble with Testosterone, 154.
320
Kim Post, "Sapolsky Gives Lecture on Violence, Human Behavior," Triangle, Drexel University student newspaper, April 21, 2017, https://www.thetriangle.org/news/sapolsky-gives-lecture-violence-human-behavior/.
321
N. A. Bridges, P. C. Hindmarsh, P. J. Pringle, D. R. Matthews, and C. G. D. Brook, "The Relationship Between Endogenous Testosterone and Gonadotrophin Secretion," Clinical Endocrinology 38, no. 4 (1993): 373–78.
322
Robert M. Sapolsky, "Stress-Induced Elevation of Testosterone Concentrations in High Ranking Baboons: Role of Catecholamines," Endocrinology 118, no. 4 (1986): 1630–35; Kathleen V. Casto and David A. Edwards, "Testosterone, Cortisol, and Human Competition," Hormones and Behavior 82 (2016): 21–37.
323
C. D. Foradori, M. J. Weiser, and R. J. Handa, "Non-Genomic Actions of Androgens," Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology 29, no. 2 (2008): 169–81; Cynthia A. Heinlein and Chawnshang Chang, "The Roles of Androgen Receptors and Androgen-Binding Proteins in Nongenomic Androgen Actions," Molecular Endocrinology 16, no. 10 (2002): 2181–87.
324
Обсуждение вопроса о роли Т в агрессии у самок отличных от человека животных см. в главе 6.
325
Некоторые ученые обеспокоены тем, что женщины, как правило, игнорируются в этих исследованиях; действительно, этот эффект преимущественно изучается у мужчин. Отчасти это очевидное пренебрежение связано, вероятно, с тем, что предыдущие попытки обнаружить эффект победителя и проигравшего у женщин в большинстве своем потерпели неудачу. Исследования Т у женщин сложны, в том числе из-за ранее обсуждавшихся трудностей с измерением тестостерона, уровень которого меняется в зависимости от стадии менструального цикла и статуса контроля над рождаемостью, что приходится принимать во внимание. Исследователи всегда хотят получить положительные результаты, чтобы опубликовать свои исследования. (Я не одобряю игнорирование женщин, но тому есть вполне понятные причины.)
326
Shawn N. Geniole, Brian M. Bird, Erika L. Ruddick, and Justin M. Carré, "Effects of Competition Outcome on Testosterone Concentrations in Humans: An Updated Meta-Analysis," Hormones and Behavior 92 (2017): 37–50; K. V. Casto, D. A. Edwards, M. Akinola, C. Davis, and P. H. Mehta, "Testosterone Reactivity to Competition and Competitive Endurance in Men and Women," Hormones and Behavior 123 (2020): 104655.
327
Casto et al., "Testosterone Reactivity to Competition."
328
E. Barel, S. Shahrabani, and O. Tzischinsky, "Sex Hormone/Cortisol Ratios Differentially Modulate Risk-Taking in Men and Women," Evolutionary Psychology 15, no. 1 (2017): 1–10; Pranjal H. Mehta, Amanda C. Jones, and Robert A. Josephs, "The Social Endocrinology of Dominance: Basal Testosterone Predicts Cortisol Changes and Behavior Following Victory and Defeat," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 94, no. 6 (2008): 1078–93.
329
Fairless, Mad Blood Stirring, 1.
330
R. E. Nisbett, Culture of Honor: The Psychology of Violence in the South (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1996; Abingdon, UK: Taylor and Francis, 2018), 2.
331
Steven Pinker, The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined (New York: Penguin, 2012), ch. 3, 104.
332
James R. Wilson, Robert E. Kuehn, and Frank A. Beach, "Modification in the Sexual Behavior of Male Rats Produced by Changing the Stimulus Female," Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 56, no. 3 (1963): 636.
333
Подробнее об эффекте Кулиджа: David M. Buss, The Evolution of Desire, rev. ed. (New York: Basic Books, 2003), 80; Susan M. Hughes, Toe Aung, Marissa A. Harrison, Jack N. LaFayette, and Gordon G. Gallup Jr., "Experimental Evidence for Sex Differences in Sexual Variety Preferences: Support for the Coolidge Effect in Humans," Archives of Sexual Behavior (May 21, 2020), https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01730-x.
334
James G. Pfaus, "Dopamine: Helping Males Copulate for at Least 200 Million Years: Theoretical Comment on Kleitz-Nelson et al. (2010)," Behavioral Neuroscience 124, no. 6
