Ознакомительная версия. Доступно 17 страниц из 85
113
Luke Anami. “Concern over High Number of Spoilt Votes”, Standard, 10 August 2017; http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001250839/concern-over-high-number-of-spoilt-votes (дата обращения – 11 ноября 2017).
114
Wendy R. Weiser and Margaret Chen. “Voter Suppression Incidents, 2008”, Brennan Center for Justice, 2008; http://www.brennancenter.org/analysis/voter-suppression-incidents-2008 (дата обращения – 11 ноября 2017).
115
John Wagner. “Ex-Ehrlich Campaign Manager Schurick Convicted in Robocall Case”, Washington Post, 6 December 2011; http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/dc-politics/ex-ehrlich-campaign-manager-schurick-convicted-in-robocallcase/2011/12/06/gIQA6rNsaO_story.html (дата обращения – 11 ноября 2017).
116
Richard R. Marcus. “Political Change in Madagascar: Populist Democracy or Neopatrimonialism by Another Name?”, Institute for Security Studies Papers 89 (2004): 20.
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Хотя порой это возможно: в ряде стран избиратели могут вписать имя своего предпочитаемого кандидата в бюллетень, и если это сделает достаточно много человек, то кандидат победит.
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Jean-Loup Vivier. Madagascar, une île à la dérive: les années 2007–2010 – de Ravalomanana à Rajoelina (Paris: L’Harmattan, 2010): 19.
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Klaas (2016), The Despot’s Accomplice: 85–6.
120
“Madagascar Keeps Politician Out”, BBC News, 7 October 2006; http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/5416284.stm дата обращения – 11 ноября 2017).
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См.: Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. “2006 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Madagascar”, US Department of State, 2007; http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78743.htm (дата обращения – 11 ноября 2017).
122
Tim Marshal. “Iran’s Hand-Picked Presidential Candidates”, Sky News, 13 June 2013; https://news.sky.com/story/irans-handpicked-presidential-candidates-10443107 (дата обращения – 15 декабря 2017).
123
Abu B. Bah. “Democracy and Civil War: Citizenship and Peacemaking in Côte d’Ivoire”, African Affairs 109, no. 437 (2010): 597–615.
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Morris P. Fiorina and Samuel J. Abrams. “Political Polarization in the American Public”, Annual Review of Political Science 11 (2008): 563–88; Pew Research Centre (2014), “Political Polarization in the American Public”.
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Eric Lindgren and Priscilla Southwell. “The Effect of Electoral Competitiveness on Ideological Voting Patterns in the US House, 2002–10”, Politics & Policy 42, no. 6 (2014) 905–18. Важно отметить, что исследование не выявило особенно сильного эффекта.
126
Nolan McCarty, Keith T. Poole and Howard Rosenthal. “Does gerrymandering cause polarization?”, American Journal of Political Science 53, no. 3 (2009): 666–80.
127
Domenico Montanaro, Rachel Wellford and Simone Pathe. “2014 Midterm Election Turnout Lowest in 70 Years”, PBS Newshour, 10 November 2014; http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/2014-midterm-election-turnout-lowest-in-70-years (дата обращения – 11 ноября 2017).
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Susanne D. Mueller. “The Political Economy of Kenya’s Crisis”, Journal of Eastern African Studies 2, no. 2 (2008): 185–210.
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Donald L. Horowitz. “The Alternative Vote and Interethnic Moderation: A Reply to Fraenkel and Grofman”, Public Choice 121, no. 3 (4004): 507–17; Donald L. Horowitz. “Electoral Systems: A Primer for Decision Makers”, Journal of Democracy 14, no. 4 (2003): 115–27.
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Jon Fraenkel and Bernard Grofman. “The Failure of the Alternative Vote as a Tool for Ethnic Moderation in Fiji: A Rejoinder to Horowitz”, Comparative Political Studies 39, no. 5 (2006): 663–6; Arend Lijphart. “The Alternative Vote: A Realistic Alternative for South Africa?”, Politikon: South African Journal of Political Studies 18, no. 2 (1991): 91–101.
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David Welsh. “Domestic Politics and Ethnic Conflict”, Survival 35, no. 1 (1993) 63–80. См. также: Samuel Mondays Atuobi. “Election-related Violence in Africa”, Conflict Trends 1 (2008): 10–15.
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Информация из NELDA. См.: Susan Hyde and Nikolay Marinov. “Which Elections Can Be Lost?”, Political Analysis 20, no. 2 (2012): 191–210.
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Более глубокое обсуждение широкого контекста проблем американских выборов см.: Pippa Norris. Why American Elections Are Flawed (and How to Fix Them). (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2017).
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Barry Edwards, Michael Crespin, Ryan D. Williamson and Maxwell Palmer. “Institutional Control of Redistricting and the Geography of Representation”, Journal of Politics 79, no. 2 (2017): 722–6.
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Дальнейшее обсуждение перекройки избирательных округов, а также независимых комиссий см. в James Ruley. “One Person, One Vote: Gerrymandering and the Independent Commission, a Global Perspective”, Indiana Law Journal 92, no. 2 (2017): 783–816.
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ACE Electoral Knowledge Network (2012), “Boundary Delimitation”.
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Nicholas O. Stephanopoulos and Eric M. McGhee. “Partisan Gerrymandering and the Efficiency Gap”, University of Chicago Law Review 82 (2015): 831–900.
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См.: Metric Geometry and Gerrymandering Group (2017). “Gerrymandering Resources”, Tufts University; https://sites.tufts.edu/gerrymandr/resources (дата обращения – 11 ноября 2017); Shannon Najmabadi. “Meet the Math Professor Who’s Fighting Gerrymandering with Geometry”, Chronicle of Higher Education, 22 February 2017; http://www.chronicle.com/article/Meet-theMath-Professor/239260 (дата обращения – 11 ноября 2017).
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IFES (2014), “Redefining Boundaries”; http://www.ifes.org/news/redefining-boundaries (дата обращения – 11 ноября 2017).
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Jamal Khurshid. “ECP Facilitated Gerrymandering of Constituencies, SHC Told”, News, 20 September 2015; http://www.thenews.com.pk/print/63553-ecp-facilitated-gerrymandering-of-constituencies-shc-told (дата обращения – 11 ноября 2017).
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J. Gerald Hebert and Marina K. Jenkins. “The Need for State Redistricting Reform to Rein in Partisan Gerrymandering”, Yale Law & Policy Review 29 (2010): 543; Samuel Issacharoff. “Gerrymandering and Political Cartels”, Harvard Law Review 116, no. 2 (2002): 593–648.
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Пример см.: European Union Election Observation Mission in Kosovo. “Briefing of Long-Term Election Observers”, 26 May 2017; http://eeas.europa.eu/election-observation-missions/eom-kosovo-2017/26981/briefing-long-term-election-observers_en (дата обращения – 11 ноября 2017).
143
Stephen Chan. “If not Free and Fair? Selected African Elections and Their Observation”, Democracy in Africa, 28 January 2017; http://democracy-inafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/If-not-free-and-fair-electoralobservation-FINAL.pdf (дата обращения – 11 ноября 2017).
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“President Yoweri Museveni’s Sack of Money Sparks Uganda Row”, BBC News, 22 April 2013.
145
Jake
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