Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2004), 1–4.
118
Küçük, Science Without Leisure, 1–3 и Goody, Renaissances, 98.
119
Существующая вторичная литература приписывает наблюдение этой кометы Махмуду аль-Кати в 1583 г. Но в своей недавней работе Мауро Нобили показал, что аль-Кати не был автором приписываемой ему знаменитой хроники «Тарих аль-фатташ». Кроме того, в «Тарих аль-фатташ» нет никаких упоминаний о комете, поэтому кажется маловероятным, что аль-Кати мог задокументировать ее наблюдение. Исходя из этого, я использовал хронику Абд аль-Сади «Тарих ас-Судан», в которой действительно упоминается о комете, а также более поздние рукописи, такие как рукопись анонимного автора «Тазкират ан-нисьян». Я чрезвычайно благодарен Реми Девьеру за то, что он указал мне на этот момент и обратил мое внимание на данные источники, а также за общие сведения по истории Сахеля. Thebe Rodney Medupe et al., 'The Timbuktu Astronomy Project: A Scientific Exploration of the Secrets of the Archives of Timbuktu', в African Cultural Astronomy: Current Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy Research in Africa, eds. Jarita Holbrook, Johnson Urama, and Thebe Rodney Medupe (Dordecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008), 182, Thebe Rodney Medupe, 'Astronomy as Practiced in the West African City of Timbuktu', в Handbook of Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy, ed. Clive Ruggles (New York: Springer, 2014), Sékéné Mody Cissoko, 'The Songhay from the 12th to the 16th Century', в General History of Africa: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century, ed. Djibril Tamsir Niane (Paris: UNESCO, 1984), Aslam Farouk-Alli, 'Timbuktu's Scientific Manuscript Heritage: The Reopening of an Ancient Vista?', Journal for the Study of Religion 22 (2009), Mauro Nobili, Sultan, Caliph, and the Renewer of the Faith: Ahmad Lobbo, the Tārīkh al-fattāsh and the Making of an Islamic State in West Africa (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020), John Hunwick, Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Sa'di's Ta'rīkh al-Sūdān down to 1613, and Other Contemporary Documents (Leiden: Brill, 1999), 155 и Abd al-Sadi, Tarikh es-Soudan, пер. Octave Houdas (Paris: Ernest Leroux, 1900), 341.
120
Souleymane Bachir Diagne, 'Toward an Intellectual History of West Africa: The Meaning of Timbuktu', в The Meanings of Timbuktu, eds. Shamil Jeppie and Souleymane Bachir Diagne (Cape Town: HSRC Press, 2008), 24.
121
Cissoko, 'The Songhay', 186–209, Toby Green, A Fistful of Shells: West Africa from the Rise of the Slave Trade to the Age of Revolution (London: Allen Lane, 2019), 25–62, Lalou Meltzer, Lindsay Hooper, and Gerald Klinghardt, Timbuktu: Script and Scholarship (Cape Town: Iziko Museums, 2008) и Douglas Thomas, 'Timbuktu, Mahmud Kati (Kuti) Ibn Mutaw', в African Religions: Beliefs and Practices through History, eds. Douglas Thomas and Temilola Alanamu (Santa Barbara: ABC–Clio, 2019).
122
Medupe et al., 'The Timbuktu Astronomy Project', Farouk-Alli, 'Timbuktu's Scientific Manuscript Heritage', 45, Shamil Jeppie and Souleymane Bachir Diagne, eds., The Meanings of Timbuktu (Cape Town: HSRC Press, 2008) и Ismaël Diadié Haidara and Haoua Taore, 'The Private Libraries of Timbuktu', в Jeppie and Diagne, eds., The Meanings of Timbuktu, 274.
123
Claudia Zaslavsky, Africa Counts: Number and Pattern in African Cultures (Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books, 1999), 201 и 222–3, Suzanne Preston Blier, 'Cosmic References in Ancient Ife', в African Cosmos, ed. Christine Mullen Kreamer (Washington, DC: National Museum of African Art, 2012), Peter Alcock, 'The Stellar Knowledge of Indigenous South Africans', в African Indigenous Knowledge and the Sciences, eds. Gloria Emeagwali and Edward Shizha (Rotterdam: Sense Publishers, 2016), 128 и Keith Snedegar, 'Astronomy in Sub-Saharan Africa', в Selin, ed., Encyclopaedia of the History of Science.
124
Medupe et al., 'The Timbuktu Astronomy Project', Meltzer, Hooper, and Klinghardt, Timbuktu, 94, Diagne, 'Toward an Intellectual History of West Africa', 19, Cissoko, 'The Songhay', 209, Cheikh Anta Diop, Precolonial Black Africa, пер. Harold Salemson (Westport: Lawrence Hill and Company, 1987), 176–179, Elias Saad, Social History of Timbuktu: The Role of Muslim Scholars and Notables 1400–1900 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), 74, 80–1 и 'Knowledge of the Movement of the Stars and What It Portends in Every Year', Library of Congress, дата обращения: 11 сентября 2020 г., http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.amed/aftmh.tam010.
125
Medupe, 'Astronomy as Practiced in the West African City of Timbuktu', 1102–1104, Meltzer, Hooper, and Klinghardt, Timbuktu, 80 и Hunwick, Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire, 62–65.
126
Green, A Fistful of Shells, 57, Salisu Bala, 'Arabic Manuscripts in the Arewa House (Kaduna, Nigeria)', History in Africa 39 (2012), 334, WAAMD ID #2579, #3955 и #15480, West African Arabic Manuscript Database, дата обращения: 11 сентября 2020 г., https://waamd.lib.berkeley.edu и Ulrich Seetzen, 'Nouveaux renseignements sur le royaume ou empire de Bornou', Annales des voyages, de la geographie et de l'histoire 19 (1812), 176–177 (перевод мой, но хочу поблагодарить за этот источник Реми Девьера).
127
Mervyn Hiskett, 'The Arab Star-Calendar and Planetary System in Hausa Verse', Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 30 (1967) и Keith Snedegar, 'Astronomical Practices in Africa South of the Sahara', в Astronomy Across Cultures: The History of Non-Western Astronomy, ed. Helaine Selin (Dordrecht: Springer, 2000), 470.
128
Zaslavsky, Africa Counts, 137–152, Adam Gacek, ed., Catalogue of the Arabic Manuscripts in the Library of the School of Oriental and African Studies (London: School of Oriental and African Studies, 1981), 24 и Dorrit van Dalen, Doubt, Scholarship and Society in 17th-Century Central Sudanic Africa (Leiden: Brill, 2016).
129
Zaslavsky, Africa Counts, 137–152 и Musa Salih Muhammad and Sulaiman Shehu, 'Science and Mathematics in Arabic Manuscripts of Nigerian Repositories', Paper Presented at the Middle Eastern Libraries Conference, University of Cambridge, 3–6 July 2017.
130
Medupe et al., 'The Timbuktu Astronomy Project', 183 и H. R. Palmer, ed., Sudanese Memoirs (London: Frank Cass and Co., 1967), 90.
131
Augustín Udías, Searching the Heavens and Earth: The History of Jesuit Observatories (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 2003), 1–40, Michela Fontana, Matteo Ricci: A Jesuit in the Ming Court, пер. Paul Metcalfe (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2011), 1–12, 185–209, Benjamin Elman, On Their Own Terms: Science in China, 1550–1900 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005), 64–65 и R. Po-Chia Hsia, A Jesuit in the Forbidden City: Matteo Ricci, 1552–1610 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), 206–207.
132
Fontana, Matteo Ricci, 30, 193–209.
133
Huff, Intellectual Curiosity, 74 и Willard J. Peterson, 'Learning from Heaven: The Introduction of Christianity and Other Western Ideas into Late Ming China', в China and Maritime Europe, 1500–1800: Trade, Settlement, Diplomacy and Missions, ed. John E. Wills Jr (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), 100.
134
Catherine Jami, Peter Engelfriet, and Gregory Blue, 'Introduction', в Statecraft and Intellectual Renewal in Late Ming China: The Cross-Cultural Synthesis of Xu Guangqi (1562–1633), eds. Catherine Jami, Peter Engelfriet, and Gregory Blue (Leiden: Brill, 2001), Timothy Brook, 'Xu Guangqi in His Context', в Jami, Engelfriet, and Blue, eds., Statecraft and Intellectual Renewal, Keizo Hashimoto and Catherine Jami, 'From the Elements to Calendar Reform: Xu Guangqi's Shaping of Mathematics and Astronomy', в Jami, Engelfriet, and Blue, eds., Statecraft and Intellectual Renewal, Peter Engelfriet and Siu Man-Keung, 'Xu Guangqi's Attempts to Integrate Western and Chinese Mathematics', в Jami, Engelfriet, and Blue, eds., Statecraft and Intellectual Renewal и Catherine Jami, The Emperor's New Mathematics: Western Learning and Imperial Authority during the Kangxi Reign (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), 25–26.
