(London: G. Bell and Sons, 1949), Alfred Rupert Hall, The Scientific Revolution (London: Longmans, 1954), Richard Westfall, The Construction of Modern Science: Mechanisms and Mechanics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977), Steven Shapin, The Scientific Revolution (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996), John Gribbin, Science: A History, 1543–2001 (London: Allen Lane, 2002), Peter Bowler and Iwan Rhys Morus, Making Modern Science: A Historical Survey (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005) и David Wootton, The Invention of Science: A New History of the Scientific Revolution (London: Allen Lane, 2015).
3
Kapil Raj, Relocating Modern Science: Circulation and the Construction of Knowledge in South Asia and Europe, 1650–1900 (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2007). Эта работа по своей теме наиболее близка к данной книге, но ограничена одним регионом (Южной Азией) и конкретным периодом (до 1900 г.). Arun Bala, The Dialogue of Civilizations in the Birth of Modern Science (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2006). Автор высказывает аналогичную мысль, однако тоже ограничивается более ранним периодом. Другие существующие работы, охватывающие более широкий круг регионов, как правило, только усиливают идею европейской исключительности, например: H. Floris Cohen, The Rise of Modern Science Explained: A Comparative History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015), Toby Huff, Intellectual Curiosity and the Scientific Revolution: A Global Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010) и James E. McClellan III and Harold Dorn, Science and Technology in World History: An Introduction, 3rd edn (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006).
4
О потребности в глобальной истории науки см.: Sujit Sivasundaram, 'Sciences and the Global: On Methods, Questions, and Theory', Isis 101 (2010).
5
Jeffrey Mervis, 'NSF Rolls Out Huge Makeover of Science Statistics', Science, дата обращения: 22 ноября 2020 г., https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/01/nsfrolls-out-huge-makeover-science-statistics, Jeff Tollefson, 'China Declared World's Largest Producer of Scientific Articles', Nature 553 (2018), Elizabeth Gibney, 'Arab World's First Mars Probe Takes to the Skies', Nature 583 (2020) и Karen Hao, 'The Future of AI is in Africa', MIT Technology Review, дата обращения: 22 ноября 2020 г., https://www.technologyreview.com/2019/06/21/134820/ai-africa-machinelearning-ibm-google/.
6
David Cyranoski and Heidi Ledford, 'Genome-Edited Baby Claim Provokes International Outcry', Nature 563 (2018), David Cyranoski, 'Russian Biologist Plans More CRISPR-Edited Babies', Nature 570 (2019), Michael Le Page, 'Russian Biologist Still Aims to Make CRISPR Babies Despite the Risks', New Scientist, дата обращения: 13 февраля 2021 г., https://www.newscientist.com/article/2253688-russian-biologist-still-aims-to-make-crispr-babies-despite-the-risks/, David Cyranoski, 'What CRISPR-Baby Prison Sentences Mean for Research', Nature 577 (2020), Connie Nshemereirwe, 'Tear Down Visa Barriers That Block Scholarship', Nature 563 (2018), A Picture of the UK Workforce: Diversity Data Analysis for the Royal Society (London: The Royal Society, 2014) и 'Challenge Anti-Semitism', Nature 556 (2018).
7
Joseph Needham, Science and Civilisation in China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1954 to present). Этот многотомник является самым знаменитым трудом, прославляющим достижения древней китайской науки и почти не уделяющим внимание науке современной. Однотомный эквивалент о науке исламского мира: Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Science and Civilization in Islam (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1968). Еще одна популярная работа о средневековой исламской науке: Jim Al-Khalili, Pathfinders: The Golden Age of Arabic Science (London: Allen Lane, 2010). Об истории происхождения концепции золотого века и ее политическом аспекте см.: Marwa Elshakry, 'When Science Became Western: Historiographical Reflections', Isis 101 (2010).
8
'President Erdoğan Addresses 2nd Turkish–Arab Congress on Higher Education', Presidency of the Republic of Turkey, дата обращения: 14 декабря 2019 г., https://tccb.gov.tr/en/news/542/43797/president-erdogan-addresses-2nd-turkish-arab-congresson-higher-education.
9
Butterfield, Origins of Modern Science, 191, James Poskett, 'Science in History', The Historical Journal 62 (2020), Roger Hart, 'Beyond Science and Civilization: A Post-Needham Critique', East Asian Science, Technology, and Medicine 16 (1999): 93 и George Basalla, 'The Spread of Western Science', Science 156 (1967): 611. Историки науки XX в. опирались на более раннюю традицию, заложенную учеными-востоковедами еще в конце XVIII в., отождествлять «Европу» с «современностью», что стало особенно актуальным в период холодной войны и постколониализма, см.: Elshakry, 'When Science Became Western'.
10
Elshakry, 'When Science Became Western', Poskett, 'Science in History' и Nathan Rosenberg and L. E. Birdzell Jr, 'Science, Technology and the Western Miracle', Scientific American 263 (1990): 42.
11
David Joravsky, 'Soviet Views on the History of Science', Isis 46 (1955): 7.
12
Elshakry, 'When Science Became Western', Benjamin Elman, ' "Universal Science" Versus "Chinese Science": The Changing Identity of Natural Studies in China, 1850–1930', Historiography East and West 1 (2003) и Dhruv Raina, Images and Contexts: The Historiography of Science and Modernity in India (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2003), особенно 19–48 и 105–38.
13
В этой главе я использую термин «ацтеки» вместо более точного «мешика», а также «Теночтитлан» вместо «Мехико-Теночтитлан». Об истории этой терминологии см.: Alfredo López Austin, 'Aztec', в The Oxford Encyclopaedia of Mesoamerican Cultures, ed. Davíd Carrasco (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 1:68–72.
14
Davíd Carrasco and Scott Sessions, Daily Life of the Aztecs, 2nd edn (Santa Barbara: Greenwood Press, 2011), 1–5, 38, 80, 92, 164, 168, 219 и James McClellan III and Harold Dorn, Science and Technology in World History: An Introduction, 3rd edn (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006), 155–64, Miguel de Asúa and Roger French, A New World of Animals: Early Modern Europeans on the Creatures of Iberian America (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005), 27–28, Jan Elferink, 'Ethnobotany of the Aztecs', в Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, ed. Helaine Selin, 2nd edn (New York: Springer, 2008), 827–28 и Ian Mursell, 'Aztec Pleasure Gardens', Mexicolore, дата обращения: 12 апреля 2019 г., http://www.mexicolore.co.uk/aztecs/aztefacts/aztec-pleasure-gardens/.
15
Francisco Guerra, 'Aztec Science and Technology', History of Science 8 (1969): 43, Carrasco and Sessions, Daily Life, 1–11, 38, 42, 72, 92, и McClellan III and Dorn, Science and Technology in World History, 155–64.
16
Frances Berdan, 'Aztec Science', в Selin, ed., Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, 382, Francisco Guerra, 'Aztec Medicine', Medical History 10 (1966): 320–32, E. C. del Pozo, 'Aztec Pharmacology', Annual Review of Pharmacology 6 (1966): 9–18, Carrasco and Sessions, Daily Life, 59–60, 113–15, 173 и McClellan III and Dorn, Science and Technology in World History, 155–64.
17
Carrasco and Sessions, Daily Life, 72 и 80.
18
Iris Montero Sobrevilla, 'Indigenous Naturalists', в Worlds of Natural History, eds. Helen Curry, Nicholas Jardine, James Secord, and Emma Spary (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018), 116–18 и Carrasco and Sessions, Daily Life, 88 и 230–37.
19
Peter Dear, Revolutionizing the Sciences: European Knowledge and Its Ambitions, 1500–1700 (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001) и John Henry, The Scientific Revolution and the Origins of Modern Science (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 1997).
20
Herbert Butterfield, The Origins of Modern Science (London: Bell, 1949), David Wootton, The Invention of Science: A New History of the Scientific Revolution (London: Penguin Books, 2015), Robert Merton, 'Science, Technology and Society in Seventeenth-Century England', Osiris 4 (1938), Dorothy Stimson, 'Puritanism and the New Philosophy in 17th Century England', Bulletin of the Institute of the History of Medicine 3 (1935), Christopher Hill, Intellectual Origins of the English Revolution (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965), Steven Shapin and Simon Schaffer, Leviathan and the Air-Pump (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985), Elizabeth Eisenstein, The Printing
