Ознакомительная версия. Доступно 17 страниц из 83
7. Детство, проведенное в нищете… – Очень трудно точно оценить все влияние, которое бедность оказывает на здоровье. Если же говорить о кратковременном и долгосрочном негативном воздействии бедности на детей, то см. Greg J. Duncan and Jeanne Brooks-Gunn, “Family Poverty, Welfare Reform, and Child Development,” Child Development 71, no. 1 (2000): 188–96; Gary W. Evans, “The Environment of Childhood Poverty,” American Psychologist 59, no. 2 (2004): 77; Rebecca M. Ryan, Rebecca C. Fauth, and Jeanne Brooks-Gunn, “Childhood Poverty: Implications for School Readiness and Early Childhood Education,” in Handbook of Research on the Education of Young Children, ed. Bernard Spodek and Olivia N. Saracho, 2nd ed. (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 2007); Greg J. Duncan et al., “How Much Does Childhood Poverty Affect the Life Chances of Children?” American Sociological Review 63, no. 3 (1998): 406–23; Gary W. Evans and Pilyoung Kim, “Childhood Poverty and Health: Cumulative Risk Exposure and Stress Dysregulation,” Psychological Science 18, no. 11 (2007): 953–57; Valentina Nikulina, Cathy Spatz Widom, and Sally Czaja, “Te Role of Childhood Neglect and Childhood Poverty in Predicting Mental Health, Academic Achievement and Crime in Adulthood,” American Journal of Community Psychology 48, nos. 3–4 (2011): 309–21; J. Lawrence Aber et al., “The Effects of Poverty on Child Health and Development,” Annual Review of Public Health 18, no. 1 (1997): 463–83; Daniel T. Lichter, Michael J. Shanahan, and Erica L. Gardner, “Helping Others? The Effects of Childhood Poverty and Family Instability on Prosocial Behavior,” Youth and Society 34, no. 1 (2002): 89–119; Natalie Slopen et al., “Poverty, Food Insecurity, and the Behavior for Childhood Internalizing and Externalizing Disorders,” Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 49, no. 5 (2010): 444–52; Clancy Blair and C. Cybele Raver, “Child Development in the Context of Adversity: Experiential Canalization of Brain and Behavior,” American Psychologist 67, no. 4 (2012): 309; Martha J. Farah et al., “Childhood Poverty: Specific Associations with Neurocognitive Development,” Brain Research 1110, no. 1 (2006): 166–74; and Katherine A. Magnuson and Elizabeth Votruba-Drzal, Enduring Influences of Childhood Poverty (Madison: University of Wisconsin, Institute for Research on Poverty, 2008).
8…пропасть между бедными и богатыми достигла максимального показателя… – Rakesh Kochhar and Anthony Cilluffo, “How Wealth Inequality Has Changed in the U.S. Since the Great Recession, by Race, Ethnicity and Income,” Pew Research Center, November 1, 2017, https://pewrsr.ch/2NXW6IS.
9…«давление со стороны общественности заставляет нас…» – Шилаг Миргейн цитируется в “Dealing with Peer Pressure When You’re an Adult,” UW Health, September 21, 2015, http://bit.ly/2OnPfpq.
10…«объединение людей на самом высоком уровне культурной идентичности» – Samuel P. Huntington, “The Clash of Civilizations?” Foreign Affairs 72, no. 3 (Summer 1993): 22–49.
11…американцы почти одиннадцать часов в день проводят… – John Koblin, “How Much Do We Love TV? Let Us Count the Ways,” New York Times, June 30, 2016.
12. В Америке школьники тратят… – опять же, это очень трудно посчитать. На самом деле, сколько мы смотрим телевизор или тратим время на другие цифровые технологии, зависит от того, как мы приобретаем новые привычки и устройства. Про телевизор достаточно сказать, что мы смотрим его очень много.
13…«они укрепляют существующие ценности и убеждения и также служат источником норм и принципов»… – Joan E. Grusec and Paul David Hastings, eds., Handbook of Socialization: Theory and Research (New York: Guilford, 2014).
14. Из средств массовой информации мы извлекаем… – существует немало литературы о силе и влиянии средств массовой информации. Вот только несколько примеров: Craig A. Anderson et al., “The Influence of Media Violence on Youth,” Psychological Science in the Public Interest 4, no. 3 (2003): 81–110; L. Rowell Huesmann, “Psychological Processes Promoting the Relation Between Exposure to Media Violence and Aggressive Behavior by the Viewer,” Journal of Social Issues 42, no. 3 (1986): 125–39; Albert Bandura, “Social Cognitive Theory of Mass Communication,” in Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research, ed. Jennings Bryant and Mary Beth Oliver, 3rd ed. (New York: Routledge, 2009); Cynthia-Lou Coleman, “The Influence of Mass Media and Interpersonal Communication on Societal and Personal Risk Judgments,” Communication Research 20, no. 4 (1993): 611–28; Kristen E. Van Vonderen and William Kinnally, “Media Effects on Body Image: Examining Media Exposure in the Broader Context of Internal and Other Social Factors,” American Communication Journal 14, no. 2 (2012): 41–57; Rebecca Coleman, “The Becoming of Bodies: Girls, Media Effects, and Body Image,” Feminist Media Studies 8, no. 2 (2008): 163–79; Shelly Grabe, L. Monique Ward, and Janet Shibley Hyde, “The Role of the Media in Body Image Concerns Among Women: A Meta-Analysis of Experimental and Correlational Studies,” Psychological Bulletin 134, no. 3 (2008): 460; Patti M. Valkenburg, Jochen Peter, and Joseph B. Walther, “Media Effects: Teory and Research,” Annual Review of Psychology 67 (2016): 315–38; Christopher P. Barlett, Christopher L. Vowels, and Donald A. Saucier, “Meta-Analyses of the Effects of Media Images on Men’s Body-Image Concerns,” Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 27, no. 3 (2008): 279–310; Brad J. Bushman and L. Rowell Huesmann, “Short-Term and Long-Term Effects of Violent Media on Aggression in Children and Adults,” Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 160, no. 4 (2006): 348–52; and Yuko Yamamiya et al., “Women’s Exposure to Tin-and-Beautiful Media Images: Body Image Effects of Media-Ideal Internalization and Impact-Reduction Interventions,” Body Image 2, no. 1 (2005): 74–80.
15. Ученые называют это явление «культивированием»… – James Shanahan and Michael Morgan, Television and Its Viewers: Cultivation Theory and Research (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999); W. James Potter, “Cultivation Theory and Research: A Conceptual Critique,” Human Communication Research 19, no. 4 (1993): 564–601; W. James Potter, “A Critical Analysis of Cultivation Theory,” Journal of Communication 64, no. 6 (2014): 1015–36; Michael Morgan, James Shanahan, and Nancy Signorielli, “Growing Up with Television: Cultivation Processes,” Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research 3 (2009): 34–49.
16. В обществе действуют негласные правила… – Rachel I. McDonald and Christian S. Crandall, “Social Norms and Social Influence,” Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences 3 (2015): 147–51; Robert B. Cialdini, Carl A. Kallgren, and Raymond R. Reno, “A Focus Theory of Normative Conduct: A Theoretical Refinement and Reevaluation of the Role of Norms in Human Behavior,” in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, ed. Mark P. Zanna, vol. 24 (San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 1991); Carl A. Kallgren, Raymond R. Reno, and Robert B. Cialdini, “A Focus Teory of Normative Conduct: When Norms Do and Do Not Affect Behavior,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 26, no. 8 (2000): 1002–12; Maria Knight Lapinski and Rajiv N. Rimal, “An Explication of Social Norms,” Communication Theory 15, no. 2 (2005): 127–47; Ernst Fehr and Urs Fischbacher, “Social Norms and Human Cooperation,” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 8, no. 4 (2004): 185–90; Robert B. Cialdini and Melanie R. Trost, “Social Influence: Social Norms, Conformity and Compliance,” in The Handbook of Social Psychology, ed. D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, and G. Lindzey, vol. 2 (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998).
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