Часть IV. Наука и теория сложности
1. См. доклад Нормана Джонсона «Чем полезен более широкий взгляд на вещи (или Падение Дома экспертов)» на Форуме новаторов в CSFB, сентябрь 2000 г., Санта-Фе, Нью-Мексико; http://www.capatcolumbia.com/CSFBTLF/
2. 2000/johnson00_sidecolumn.pdf.
3. Michael J. Mauboussin, “Revisiting Market Efficiency: The Stock Market as a Complex Adaptive System”, Journal of Applied Corporate Finance 14. No. 4 (Winter 2002): 47–55.
4. Norman L. Johnson, “Diversity in Decentralized Systems: Enabling Self-Organizing Solutions”, LANL, LA-UR-99–6281, 1999. Дополнительную информацию на эту тему см. на сайте: http://ishi.lanl.gov.
5. James Kennedy and Russell C. Eberhart, Swarm Intelligence (San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann, 2001), 105.
6. William H. Calvin, “The Emergence of Intelligence”, Scientific American Presents 9, no. 4 (November 1998): 44–51.
7. Gary Klein, Sources of Power: How People Make Decisions (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1998).
8. Michael T. Kaufman, Soros: The Life and Times of a Messianic Billionaire (New York: Knopf, 2002), 141.
9. См. статью «Неформальное обучение на рабочем месте» на сайте http://www.learning-org.com/98.01/0331.html.
10. Arthur Zeikel, “Organizing for Creativity”, Financial Analyst Journal 39 (November-December 1983): 25–29.
Глава 29. От меда до денег
1. Thomas D. Seeley, The Wisdom of the Hive: The Social Psychology of Honey Bee Colonies (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1995), 259. Также см.: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova.bees.
2. Цит. по Steven Johnson, Emergence: The Connected Lives of Ants, Brains, Cities, and Software (New York: Scribner, 2001), 33.
3. Seeley, The Wisdom of the Hive, 240–62; также см.: http://www.nbb.cornell.edu/neurobio/
4. department/Faculty/seeley/seeley.html.
5. Eric Bonabeau, Marco Dorigo, and Guy Theraulaz, Swarm Intelligence: From Natural to Artificial Systems (New York: Oxford University Press. 1999), 39–55. Также см. Edmund Burke and Graham Kendall, “Applying Ant Algorithms and the No Fit Polygon to the Nesting Problem”, University of Nottingham Working Paper, 1999; http://www.asap.cs.nott.ac.uk/publications/pdf/gk_ai99.pdf.
6. Сайт IEM: http://www.biz.uiowa.edu/iem.
7. James Surowiecki, “Decisions, Decisions”, The New Yorker, March 28, 2003, доступно на сайте http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2003/
8. 03/24/030324ta_talk_surowiecki.
9. Сайт фондовой биржи Голливуда: http://www.hsx.com.
10. Сайт биржи BetFair: http://www.betfair.com.
11. Alfred Rappaport and Michael J. Mauboussin, Expectations Investing (Boston, Mass.: Harvard Business School Press, 2001), 132–34.
12. Howard Rheingold, Smart Mobs: The Next Social Revolution (New York: Perseus, 2002).
13. Ken Brown, “Stocks March to the Beat of War, Weak Economy”, Wall Street Journal, March 31, 2003.
Глава 30. Глас народа
1. Michael Idinopulos and Lee Kempler, “Do You Know Who Your Experts Are?” The McKinsey Quarterly 4 (2003): 60–69; см.: http://www.mckinseyquarterly.com/
2. article_abstract.asp?ar=1358&L2=18&L3=31&srid=66180&gp=1.
3. Nancy Weil, “Innocentive Pairs R&D Challenges with Researchers”, Bio-IT World, May 29, 2003.
4. Некоторые компании пытаются создать внутренний механизм поиска решений конкретных проблем. Например, в Hewlett-Packard действует система, которая называется SHOCK (Social Harvesting of Community Knowledge – Общество пожинает плоды знаний пользователей); см.: http://www.hpl.hp.com/research/idl/projects/shock.
5. Francis Galton, “Vox Populi”, Nature 75 (March 7, 1907): 450–451; reprint 1949. James Surowiecki, The Wisdom of Crowds: Why the Many Are Smarter Than the Few and How Collective Wisdom Shapes Business, Economies, Societies and Nations (New York: Doubleday, 2004).
6. Norman L. Johnson, “Collective Problem Solving: Functionality Beyond the Individual”. LA-UR-98–2227 (1998); Jack L. Treynor, “Market Efficiency and the Bean Jar Experiment”, Financial Analysts Journal (May-June 1987): 50–53; Sherry Sontag and Christopher Drew, Blind Man’s Bluff: The Untold Story of America Submarine Espionage (New York: Perseus Books, 1998), 58–59.
7. Kay-Yut Chen, Leslie R. Fine, and Bernardo A. Huberman, “Predicting the Future”, Information Systems Frontiers 5, no. 1 (2003): 47–61, http://www.hpl.hp.com/shl/papers/future/future.pdf.
