процессом создания в разные эпохи, или диспенсации, используя соответствующие принципы этого управления. Согласно данной схеме, в настоящее время мы находимся в Эпоху Церкви или Благодати. В более распространенной теологии договор между Богом и людьми является организующим принципом.
10
Хотя Пуэрто-Рико не является государством, пуэрториканцы, конечно, являются гражданами страны, начиная с 1917 года.
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Несмотря на некоторую биологическую предопределенность того, что мы считаем привлекательным, есть некий биологический императив. Мы должны помнить, что сила часто привлекательна, а привлекательность и сила нераздельно связаны.
Комментарии
1
Christopher Begley, «I Study Collapsed Civilizations. Here Is My Advice for a Climate Change Apocalypse,» Lexington Herald-Leader, September 23, 2019, www.kentucky.com/opinion/op-ed/article235384162.html/.
2
Emma Gause, «A Critique: Jared Diamond’s Collapse Put in Perspective.» Papers from the Institute of Archaeology 24, no. 1 (2014): Art. 16, https://doi.org/10.5334/pia.467.
3
Very good examples include Guy D. Middleton, Understanding Collapse: Ancient History and Modern Myths (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2017), and eds. Patricia A. McAnany and Norman Yoffee, Questioning Collapse: Human Resilience, Ecological Vulnerability, and the Aftermath of Empire (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010).
4
The volume of archaeological publications dedicated to the concept of collapse, or to particular events labeled «collapses» is enormous. Readers who want to explore this issue further might start with the following publications that have been among the most informative for me:
Ronald K. Faulseit, ed., Beyond Collapse: Archaeological Perspectives on Resilience, Revitalization, and Transformation in Complex Societies (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2016); Patricia A. McAnany and Norman Yoffee, eds., Questioning Collapse: Human Resilience, Ecological Vulnerability, and the Aftermath of Empire (Carbondale: Cambridge University Press, 2010); Glenn M. Schwartz, and John J. Nichols, eds., After Collapse: The Regeneration of Complex Societies (Tuscon: University of Arizona Press, 2006); and Joseph A. Tainter, The Collapse of Complex Societies (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988).
5
Philip P. Betancourt, «The Aegean and the Origins of the Sea Peoples,» in The Sea Peoples and Their World: A Reassessment, ed. E. D. Oren (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000); John J. Janusek, «Collapse as Cultural Revolution: Power and Identity in the Tiwanaku to Pacajes Transition,» in The Foundations of Power in the Prehispanic Andes, Archaeological Papers No. 14, eds. K. J. Vaughn, D. E. Ogburn, and C. A. Conlee (Washington, DC: American Anthropological Association, 2004), 175–209.
6
This notion of our explanations of the past intersecting with contemporary concerns has been voiced by archaeologists for decades, for example in Richard R. Wilk, «The Ancient Maya and the Political Present,» Journal of Anthropological Research 41 (1985): 307–326.
7
Guy D. Middleton, «Nothing Lasts Forever: Environmental Discourses on the Collapse of Past Societies,» Journal of Archaeological Research 20 (2012): 257–307.
8
Joel W. Palka, «Ancient Maya Defensive Barricades, Warfare, and Site Abandonment,» Latin American Antiquity 12, no. 4 (December 2001): 427–430; C. Hernandez, «Defensive Barricades of the Maya,» in Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, ed. H. Selin (Dordrecht: Springer, 2014), https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-3934-5_10086-1; Takeshi Inomata, «The Last Day of a Fortified Classic Maya Center: Archaeological Investigations at Aguateca, Guatemala,» Ancient Mesoamerica 8, no. 2 (1997): 337–351.
9
Christopher Begley. «Ancient Mosquito Coast: Why Only Certain Material Culture Was Adopted from Outsiders,» in Southeastern Mesoamerica: Indigenous Interaction, Resilience, and Change, ed. Whitney A. Goodwin et al. (Louisville: University Press of Colorado, 2021), 157–178.
10
Scott Hutson et al., «A Historical Processual Approach to Continuity and Change in Classic and Postclassic Yucatan,» in Beyond Collapse: Archaeological Perspectives on Resilience, Revitalization, and Transformation in Complex Societies, ed. Ronald K. Faulseit (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2016), 287–19.
11
H. J. Spinden, «The Population of Ancient America,» Geographical Review 18, no. 4 (1928): 641–660, https://doi.org/10.2307/207952.Notes to Chapter 1 251.
12
Jared Diamond, Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed (New York: Viking Press, 2005).
13
Some examples include Justine Shaw, «Climate Change and Deforestation: Implications for the Maya Collapse,» Ancient Mesoamerica 14 (2003): 157–167 and Elliot M. Abrams and David J. Rue, «The Causes and Consequences of Deforestation Among the Prehistoric Maya,» Human Ecology 16 (1988): 377–395.
14
Cameron L. McNeil, David A. Burney, and Lida Pigott Burney, «Evidence Disputing Deforestation as the Cause for the Collapse of the Ancient Maya Polity of Copan, Honduras.» Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107, no. 3 (2010): 1017–1022; Richard E. W. Adams, «The Collapse of Maya Civilization: A Review of Preview Theories,» in The Classic Maya Collapse, ed. T. Patrick Culbert (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1973), 21–34.
15
One excellent critique of several books about societal collapse is Joseph Tainter, «Collapse, Sustainability, and the Environment: How Authors Choose to Fail or Succeed,» Reviews in Anthropology 37, no. 4 (2008): 342–371, https://doi.org/10.1080/00938150802398677/.
16
Nick Romeo, «How Archaeologists Discovered 23 Shipwrecks in 22 Days,» National Geographic, July 11, 2016, www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/article/greece-shipwrecks-discovery-fourni-ancient-diving-archaeology.
17
Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, 6 vols. (London: W. Strahan and T. Cadell, 1776).
18
Readers who want to explore further the decline of the Western Roman Empire might want to look at the following texts that influenced my understanding of this era, including Simon Esmonde Cleary, The Roman West, AD 200–500: An Archaeological Study (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2013); Peter Heather, The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006); Stephen Mitchell, A History of the Later Roman Empire, AD 284–641 (Malden, MA: John Wiley & Sons, 2014); and Chris Wickham, Framing the Early Middle Ages: Europe and the Mediterranean,
