38. Доходчивое объяснение принципов машинного обучения см. в шестой главе книги: John MacCormick’s. Nine Algorithms That Changed the Future: The Ingenious Ideas That Drive Today’s Computers. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2012.
39. Max Raskin and Ilan Kolet. Wall Street Jobs Plunge as Profits Soar. Bloomberg News, 2013. April 23. UPL: http://www. bloomberg.com/news/2013–04–24/ wall-street-jobs-plunge-as-profits-soar-chart-of-the-day.html.
40. Ashwin Parameswaran. Explaining the Neglect of Doug Engelbart’s Vision: The Economic Irrelevance of Human Intelligence Augmentation // Macroresilience, 2013. July 8. UPL: http://www. macroresilience.com/2013/07/08/ explaining-the-neglect-of-doug-engelbarts-vision/.
41. См.: Daniel Martin Katz. Quantitative Legal Prediction – or – How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Start Preparing for the Data-Driven Future of the Legal Services Industry // Emory Law Journal 62, 2013. № 4. Р. 909–966.
42. Joseph Walker. Meet the New Boss: Big Data // Wall Street Journal, 2012. September 20.
43. Franco “Bifo” Berardi. The Soul at Work: From Alienation to Automation Los Angeles: Semiotext (e), 2009. Р. 96.
44. A. M. Turing. Systems of Logic Based on Ordinals // Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society 45, 1939. № 2239. Р. 161–228.
45. Там же.
46 Hector J. Levesque. On Our Best Behaviour // Lecture delivered at the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. Beijing, China, 2013. August 8.
47. См.: Nassim Nicholas Taleb. Antifragile: Things That Gain from Disorder. N. Y.: Random House, 2012. Р. 416–419.
48. Donald T. Campbell. Assessing the Impact of Planned Social Change // Occasional Paper Series. Public Affairs Center, Dartmouth College, Hanover, N.H. 1976. December. № 8.
49. Viktor Mayer-Schцnberger and Kenneth Cukier. Big Data: A Revolution That Will Transform How We Live, Work, and Think. N.Y.: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2013. Р. 166.
50. Kate Crawford. The Hidden Biases in Big Data // HBR Blog Network. 2013. April 1. UPL: http://www. hbr.org/cs/2013/04/the_hidden_biases_in_big_data.html.
51. В опубликованной в 1968 году статье Уид писал: «Надо серьезно относиться к возможности использования новых компьютеров, если применение их позволит дешевле, полнее и точнее получать и сохранять данные обследования, экономя дорогое время работы врача». Lawrence L. Weed. Medical Records That Guide and Teach // New England Journal of Medicine 278, 1968. Р. 593–600, 652–657.
52. Gary Klein. Evidence-Based Medicine // Edge. 2014. January 14. UPL: http://www. edge.org/responses/what-scientific-idea-is-ready-for-retirement.
53. Lee Jacobs. Interview with Lawrence Weed, MD – The Father of the Problem-Oriented Medical Record Looks Ahead // Permanente Journal. 2009. № 3. 2009. Р. 84–89.
54. Michael Oakeshott. Rationalism in Politics // Cambridge Journal 1. 1947. Р. 81–98, 145–157. Эссе было опубликовано в вышедшей в 1962 году книге Окшотта: Rationalism in Politics and Other Essays. N. Y.: 1962. Basic Books.
Глава шестая. Мир и экран
1. William Edward Parry. Journal of a Second Voyage for the Discovery of a North-West Passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific. London: John Murray, 1824. Р. 277.
2. Claudio Aporta and Eric Higgs. Satellite Culture: Global Positioning Systems, Inuit Wayfinding, and the Need for a New Account of Technology // Current Anthropology 46, 2005. № 5. Р. 729–753.
3. Интервью Клаудио Апорты автору от 25 января 2012 года.
4. Gilly Leshed et al. In-Car GPS Navigation: Engagement with and Disengagement from the Environment. В книге: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. N. Y.: ACM, 2008. Р. 1675–1684.
5. David Brooks. The Outsourced Brain // New York Times, 2007. October 26.
6. Julia Frankenstein et al. Is the Map in Our Head Oriented North? // Psychological Science 23. 2012. № 2. Р. 120–125.
7. Julia Frankenstein. Is GPS All in Our Heads? // New York Times, 2012. February 2.
8. Gary E. Burnett and Kate Lee. The Effect of Vehicle Navigation Systems on the Formation of Cognitive Maps. В книге: Traffic and Transport Psychology: Theory and Application / Ed. Geoffrey Underwood. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2005. Р. 407–418.
9. Elliot P. Fenech et al. The Effects of Acoustic Turn-by-Turn Navigation on Wayfinding // Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 54, 2010. № 23. Р. 1926–1930.
10. Toru Ishikawa et al. Wayfinding with a GPS-Based Mobile Navigation System: A Comparison with Maps and Direct Experience // Journal of Environmental Psychology 28, 2008. № 1. Р. 74–82; Stefan Mьnzer et al. Computer-Assisted Navigation and the Acquisition of Route and Survey Knowledge // Journal of Environmental Psychology 26, 2006. № 4. Р. 300–308.
11. Sara Hendren. The White Cane as Technology // Atlantic, 2013. November 6. UPL: http://www. theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/11/the-white-caneas-technology/281167/.
12. Tim Ingold. Being Alive: Essays on Movement, Knowledge and Description. London: Routledge, 2011. Р. 149–152.
13. Цитируется по статье: James Fallows. The Places You’ll Go // Atlantic, 2013. January/February.
14. Ari N. Schulman. GPS and the End of the Road // New Atlantis, 2011. Spring.
15. John O’Keefe and Jonathan Dostrovsky. The Hippocampus as a Spatial Map: Preliminary Evidence from Unit Activity in the Freely-Moving Rat // Brain Research 34, 1971. Р. 171–175.
16. John O’Keefe. A Review of the Hippocampal Place Cells // Progress in Neurobiology 13, 2009. № 4. Р. 419–439.
17. Edvard I. Moser et al. Place Cells, Grid Cells, and the Brain’s Spatial Representation System // Annual Review of Neuroscience 31, 2008. Р. 69–89.
18. См. Christian F. Doeller et al. Evidence for Grid Cells in a Human Memory Network // Nature 463, 2010. Р. 657–661; Nathaniel J. Killian et al. A Map of Visual Space in the Primate Entorhinal Cortex // Nature 491, 2012. Р. 761–764; Joshua Jacobs et al. Direct Recordings of Grid-Like Neuronal Activity in Human Spatial Navigation // Nature Neuroscience, 2013. August 4. UPL: http://www. nature.com/neuro/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nn.3466.html.
19. James Gorman. A Sense of Where You Are // New York Times, 2013. April 30.
20. György Buzsáki and Edvard I. Moser. Memory, Navigation and Theta Rhythm in the Hippocampal-Entorhinal System // Nature Neuroscience 16, 2013. № 2. Р. 130–138. См. также: Neil Burgess et al. Memory for Events and Their Spatial Context: Models and Experiments. В книге: Episodic Memory: New Directions in Research / Eds. Alan Baddeley et al. N. Y.: Oxford University Press, 2002. Р. 249–268. Представляется примечательным, что одна из самых мощных мнемонических методик, разработанная еще в античную эпоху, предусматривает ассоциацию ментальных образов событий или фактов с определенными местами в доме или в городе. Запоминание фактов облегчается, если их связывают с конкретными местами даже в воображении.
